Anph - Integumentary

Front 1

Functions of blood

Back 1

1. Transports dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic wastes

2. Restricts fluid loss at injury sites

3. Defends against toxins and pathogens

4. Stabilizes body temp

Front 2

Composition of blood

Back 2

Plasma - 55%

RBC, WBC, and platelets - 45%

Front 3

Average blood volume in adults

Back 3

Males: 5-6 L

Females: 4-5L

Front 4

Hemoglobin

Back 4

A red protein responsible for transporting O2 and CO2.

Front 5

Nonspecific body defenses

Back 5

•Physical barriers

•Phagocytes

•Interferons

•Complement system

•Inflammatory response

•Fever

Front 6

Types of phagocytes

Back 6

•Neutrophils

•Eosinophils

•Monocyte - macrophage system

Front 7

Physical barriers

Back 7

Keep hazardous organisms and materials outside the body

Front 8

Phagocytes

Back 8

Engulf pathogens and cellular debris

Front 9

Immune surveillance by NK (natural killer) cells

Back 9

•Monitor peripheral tissues

•Release perforins that destroy abnormal cells membrane

Front 10

Interferons

Back 10

•Released by lymphocytes, macrophages, or virus-infected cells

•Trigger a production of antiviral proteins

•Stimulate macrophages and NK cells

Front 11

Complement system

Back 11

A group of circulating proteins that help antibodies destroy pathogens

Front 12

Inflammation (inflammatory response)

Back 12

Localized, tissue-level response to limit spread of injury or infection

Front 13

Fever

Back 13

Accelerates the body's metabolism and defense activity

Front 14

Lymphatic system

Back 14

•Cells, tissues, and organ that defend the body against environmental hazards and internal threats

•Cells are lymphocytes

•Vessels are lymphatic vessels or lymphatics

•Lymphoid tissues and organs are scatterd throughout the body

Front 15

Lymphocytes

Back 15

Primary cells of the lymphatic system that respond to invading pathogens, abnormal body cells, and foreign proteins

Front 16

Lymph

Back 16

The fluid inside lymphatic capillaries

Front 17

Lymphatic vessels

Back 17

Carry lymph from peripheral tissues to venous system

Front 18

How do lymphatic capillaries differ from blood capillaries?

Back 18

1. They originate as pockets instead of forming continous tubes

2. Are larger in diameter

3. Have thinner walls

4. Look flattened or irregular in sectional view

Front 19

What organ contains the largest mass of lymphoid tissue in the body?

Back 19

The spleen

Front 20

Lymph nodes function

Back 20

1. Removes abnormal red blood cells by phagocytosis

2. Stores iron recycled from red blood cells

3. Initiates immune response by B cells and T cells

Front 21

Thoracic duct collects lymph from where?

Back 21

•Body inferior to diaphragm

•Left side of body superior to diaphragm

•Empties into the left subclavian vein

Front 22

The right lymphatic duct collects lymph from where?

Back 22

•Right side of body superior to diaphragm

•Empties into right subclavian veins

Front 23

Lymphedema

Back 23

•Caused by locked lymphatic drainage

•Usually affects limbs; can affect other areas

•Swelling may become permanent

•Stagnant interstitial fluids may accumulate toxins and pathogens

Front 24

What are the 3 classes of lymphocytes?

Back 24

•T cells

•B cells

•NK cells

Front 25

Antigens

Back 25

An antigen is any substance that causes your immune system to produce antibodies against it.

All classes of lymphocytes are sensitive to antigens

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Nonspecific (innate immunity)

Back 26

•Does not distinguish one type of pathogen from another

•Response is the same regardless of invading agent

•Present at birth (innate)

•Provides nonspecific resistance

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Specific (adaptive) immunity

Back 27

•Protects against specific pathogens

•Coordinated activity of T cells and B cells provides specific defenses

•Defends against abnormal cells and pathogens inside cells

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Active immunity

Back 28

When the body develops antibodies in response to antigen

Front 29

Passive immunity

Back 29

When the body receives antibodies from another source

Front 30

Allergies

Back 30

•Inappropriate or excessive immune response to antigens

•Antigen-antibody complex may trigger inflammation

•Antigens trigger allergic reactions called allergens

Front 31

Anaphylaxis

Back 31

•Circulating allergen stimulates histamine release from mast cells throughout the body

•Can cause extensive peripheral Vasodilation which can cause an extreme drop in blood pressure leading to circulatory collapse (anaphylactic shock)

Front 32

What are the layers of the skin?

Back 32

1. Epidermis

2. Dermis

3. Subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)

Front 33

Cutaneous plexus

Back 33

A network of arteries and veins associated with integumentary tissues

Front 34

Integumentary system functions

Back 34

1. Protection

2. Excretion

3. Temperature regulation

4. Vitamin D synthesis

5. Lipid storage

6. Sensory input

Front 35

How does our skin protect us?

Back 35

•Produces melanin, which protects underlying tissues from UV radiation

•Produces keratin, which protects against abrasion and repels water

•Coordinates immune response to pathogens and skin cancer

•Protects underlying tissues and organs

Front 36

Melanin

Back 36

A natural skin pigment

Front 37

Keratin

Back 37

A type of protein that makes up your skin, hair and nails

Front 38

Lipid storage

Back 38

Stored in adipocytes in the dermis and hypodermis

Front 39

Dermal circulation

Back 39

Blood flows through the dermis to papillary plexus

The more blood flow to region results in a redder color; less blood flow to region results in cyanosis

Front 40

Thin skin

Back 40

•Covers most of the body

•Has 4 strata (layers) - stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum corneum

•Epidermis is 0.08mm thick

Front 41

Thick skin

Back 41

•Found on palms of hands and soles of feet

•Has 5 strata (layers) -stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

•Epidermis is 0.5mm thick

Front 42

Characteristics of epidermis

Back 42

•Entire epidermis lacks blood vessels (avascular)

•Cells get O2 and nutrients from dermis

•Cells with highest metabolic demand are closest to dermis

•It takes 7-10 days for cells to move from the stratum basale to stratum corneum

Front 43

How is skin color determined

Back 43

By the amount of carotine, melanin, and degree of dermal circulation

Front 44

Skin cancers

Back 44

•Basal cell carcinoma

•Squamous cell carcinoma

•Malignant melanoma

Front 45

Two sources of vitamin D3

Back 45

Sunlight & diet

Front 46

Vitamin D and calcium

Back 46

The liver concerts vitamin D3 to intermediary product; the kidney uses that product to synthesize calcitriol. Calcitriol stimulates calcium and phosphorous absorption in small intestines.

Our bones use calcium and phosphorous for growth and maintenance

Front 47

Root hair plexus

Back 47

A group of sensory nerves surrounding the base of a hair follicle

Front 48

Arrector pili

Back 48

A smooth muscle attached to hair follicle; contraction causes "goose bumps"

Front 49

Sebaceous glands

Back 49

•Discharges sebum through holocrine secretion

•Contraction of arrestor pili squeezes sebaceous glands, forcing sebum into the hair follicle

•Also secretes sebum onto skin surface on face, back, chest, nipples, and external genitalia

Front 50

Sebum

Back 50

An oily, waxy substance produced by sebaceous glands. It coats, moisturizes and protects your skin.

Front 51

Urticaria

Back 51

Hives

Front 52

Age related changes in the integument

Back 52

•Decreasing number of dendritic cells decrease immune response

•Dermis thins and has fewer elastic fibers resulting in sagging and wrinkling

•Merocrine sweat glands are less active so there is a greater risk of overheating

•Reduced blood supply to the dermis affects temperature regulation

•Skin repair slows

•Hair follicle stop functioning or produce thinner hair

•Decreased melanocyte activity so hair turns gray or white

•Changing levels of sex hormones alter hair and fat distribution

Front 53

Integument repair - After several hours

Back 53

•Blood clot or scab forms at the surface

•Cells of stratum basale migrate along wound edges

•Macrophages remove debris

•If damage into dermis, combination of fibroblasts, blood clot, and capillary network form granulation tissue as part of hair repair process

Front 54

Integument repair - After 1 week

Back 54

•Scab undermined by migrating epidermal cells

•Phagocytic activity almost complete

•Blood clot disintegrating

•Fibroblasts have formed collagen fibers and ground substance

Front 55

Integument repair - After several weeks

Back 55

•Scab Is shed; epidermis is complete

•Shallow depression marks injury site

•Fibroblasts continue to create scar tissue - inflexible, fibrous, noncellular material

Front 56

Thrombocytopenia

Back 56

Low platelet count

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Thrombocytosis

Back 57

High platelet count