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138 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Antidiuretic hormone provides a means of controlling water____? |
Output |
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The increased osmolarity of the blood stimulates the hypothalamus to stimulate the_____ pituitary to releases ADH |
Posterior |
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ADH will work on the kidneys to______Water into the bloodstream |
Reabsorb |
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A negative feedback system is used until the blood_____And osmolarity return to normal levels |
Volume |
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What 4 fluids does the extracellular fluid compartment include |
Interstitial fluid – blood plasma – cerebral spinal fluid – plural and pericardial fluid |
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Name two sources of water gain |
Eating Drinking |
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Name 5 sources of water loss |
Urinating Defecting Sweating Breathing Cutaneous transpiration |
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During periods of declining water levels blood volume decreases causing a decline in blood pressure. This is referred to as |
Hypotension |
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Low blood pressure causes the kidneys to increase the secretion of______ from the JG cells. |
Renin |
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The activation of ____ stimulates widespread vasoconstriction, release of ADH from the posterior pituitary as well as the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone |
Angiotensin II |
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Aldosterone acts on the ____ of the kidney tubules to ribs or greater amounts of sodium from tubular fluid |
Distal consulates tubule (DCT) |
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The release of____Directly stimulates the collecting ducts of the kidney to increase water reabsorption from tubular filtrate |
ADH |
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The net result of angiotensin II, aldosterone, and ADH cooperatively are an (increase/decrease) in the blood pressure resulting largely from the increase blood volume |
Increase |
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The condition of acidosis can also cause _____ because the higher H+ concentration diffuses to the ICF, pushing K+ towards the ECF |
Hyperkalemia |
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Two imbalances that are related are ______ and hypochloremia because additional Cl-must be excreted to kidney tubules to buffer the high concentrations of H+ in tubules |
Acidosis |
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Following hemorrhage, _____ can also cause alkalosis because through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system Na+ reabsorption is increased causing a larger excretion of H+ into tubular fluid |
Hypovolemia |
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Systemic acidosis can cause ____ due to the high levels of H+ forcing greater binding of ECF calcium to anions |
Hypocalcemia |
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Aldosterone plays a primary role in adjustment of _____ excretion |
Sodium |
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Aldosterone plays a primary role in adjustment of _____ excretion |
Sodium |
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Conditions such as hyponatremia, hypotension, and hyperkalamia stimulate the _______ _______ to secrete aldosterone This In turn stimulates the renal tubules to increase reabsorption of sodium and secretion of _____. Both will result in the _____ of water |
Adrenal cortex Potassium Reabsorption |
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The body is in a state of fluid ______ if there is an abnormality of total volume, concentration, or distribution |
Imbalance |
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The body is in a state of fluid ______ if there is an abnormality of total volume, concentration, or distribution |
Imbalance |
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There are 3 main factors affecting fluid balance: fluid deficiency, fluid excess, and fluid _____ |
Sequestration |
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Fluid deficiency arises when output_____ input |
Exceeds |
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Fluid deficiency arises when output_____ input |
Exceeds |
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Fluid excess can be caused by volume excess or a condition called_____ hydration |
Hypotonic |
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Fluid sequestration is when excess fluid_____ in a particular location |
Accumulates |
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Electrolytes are physiologically important because they affect electrical potential across membranes and contribute to______ of the body fluids. |
Osmolarity |
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Electrolytes are physiologically important because they affect electrical potential across membranes and contribute to______ of the body fluids. |
Osmolarity |
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Major cations of the body include sodium potassium and_____ |
Hydrogen |
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Major anions include chloride phosphates and_____ |
Bicarbonate |
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Major anions include chloride phosphates and_____ |
Bicarbonate |
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Concentrations of sodium, potassium, hydrogen, chloride, bicarbonate and phosphates are needed in specific amounts to maintain normal_____ of the body |
Metabolism |
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Major anions include chloride phosphates and_____ |
Bicarbonate |
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Concentrations of sodium, potassium, hydrogen, chloride, bicarbonate and phosphates are needed in specific amounts to maintain normal_____ of the body |
Metabolism |
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Electrolyte concentration above or below the normal needed amounts can lead to_____. |
Disorders |
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True or false. A physiological buffer is a system namely the digestive system that stabilizes pH by controlling the bodies output of acids, bases, or CO2 |
False |
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Name 4 things in the ICF compartment |
Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, nuclei, Phagolysosome |
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Name 4 things resulting from ADH release |
-Reduction in urine volume -Increased water reabsorption from kidney tubules -Increased aquaporin production -Drinking water |
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Name 2 things that stimulates ADH release |
-Increased blood Osmolarity -Reduction in total body water |
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Dehydration can lead to increase/decrease blood Osmolarity |
Increased |
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Dehydration can lead to increase/decrease blood Osmolarity |
Increased |
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An increased blood Osmolarity will stimulate _____osmoreceptors |
Hypothalamic |
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Dehydration can lead to increase/decrease blood Osmolarity |
Increased |
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An increased blood Osmolarity will stimulate _____osmoreceptors |
Hypothalamic |
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The stimulation of hypothalamic osmoreceptors will lead to reduced _____ and the sense of thirst |
Salivation |
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Through _____ of water a negative feedback system is completed |
Ingestion |
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Name 3 things that contribute to metabolic acidosis |
Diabetes mellitus Starvation Excessive alcohol consumption |
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Name 3 things that contribute to metabolic acidosis |
Diabetes mellitus Starvation Excessive alcohol consumption |
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Name 3 things that contribute to metabolic alkalosis |
Chronic vomiting Taking too many antacids Hyper secretion of aldosterone |
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Name 3 things that contribute to metabolic acidosis |
Diabetes mellitus Starvation Excessive alcohol consumption |
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Name 3 things that contribute to metabolic alkalosis |
Chronic vomiting Taking too many antacids Hyper secretion of aldosterone |
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Name 2 things that contribute to respiratory alkalosis |
Hyperventilation Traveling to and exercising at high elevations |
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Name 3 things that contribute to metabolic acidosis |
Diabetes mellitus Starvation Excessive alcohol consumption |
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Name 3 things that contribute to metabolic alkalosis |
Chronic vomiting Taking too many antacids Hyper secretion of aldosterone |
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Name 2 things that contribute to respiratory alkalosis |
Hyperventilation Traveling to and exercising at high elevations |
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Name 2 things that contribute to respiratory acidosis |
Apnea Emphysema |
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Name 5 things associated with respiratory compensation |
Marked by hypercapnia -increased respiratory rate increases the amount of carbon dioxide expired -the faster acting compensation mechanism -useful for acute imbalances due to surprise or emotional strain -requires hyperpnea to releases acid to the environment |
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Name 5 things associated with respiratory compensation |
Marked by hypercapnia -increased respiratory rate increases the amount of carbon dioxide expired -the faster acting compensation mechanism -useful for acute imbalances due to surprise or emotional strain -requires hyperpnea to releases acid to the environment |
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Name 3 things associated with renal compensation |
Relies on the secretion of H+ - slower to respond to pH imbalances but better at restoring a fully normal pH - effective at compensating for pH imbalances that last for a few days or longer |
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Name 5 things that is associated with sodium |
-essential for depolarization for muscle and nerve function - significant solute determining total body water -aldosterone, ADH, and the natriuretic peptides help regulate it concentration - principal cation of the ECF - blood pressure controls its concentration |
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Name 5 things that is associated with sodium |
-essential for depolarization for muscle and nerve function - significant solute determining total body water -aldosterone, ADH, and the natriuretic peptides help regulate it concentration - principal cation of the ECF - blood pressure controls its concentration |
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Name 3 things associated with potassium |
Most abundant cation in ICF -Essential cofactors for protein synthesis and some other metabolic processes -determines intracellular Osmolarity and cell volume |
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Name 2 neural mechanisms of blood volume, and thus blood pressure regulation |
Sympathetic stimulation; baroreceptors in the carotid artery |
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Name 4 renin-angiotensin system mechanisms of blood volume, and thus blood pressure regulation |
A. C. E. Angiotensinogen Sodium reabsorption Distal convoluted tubules |
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Name 4 renin-angiotensin system mechanisms of blood volume, and thus blood pressure regulation |
A. C. E. Angiotensinogen Sodium reabsorption Distal convoluted tubules |
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Name 2 ADH mechanisms of blood volume and thus blood pressure regulation |
Collecting ducts of kidneys Thirst |
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Name 4 things associated with stimulates release of aldosterone |
Hypotension Hyponatremia Hyperkalamia Higher concentration of K+ in the ECF |
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Name 4 things associated with stimulates release of aldosterone |
Hypotension Hyponatremia Hyperkalamia Higher concentration of K+ in the ECF |
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Name 4 things resulting of aldosterone release |
Increased production of DCT sodium-potassium ATPase pumps Increased sodium reabsorption Increased potassium secretion Higher urine concentration of potassium |
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The kidneys can permanently remove substances which affect pH balance by secreting them into the_____ |
Urine |
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Tubule cells can catabolize certainly amino acids and release______ as a product |
Ammonia |
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Tubule cells can catabolize certainly amino acids and release______ as a product |
Ammonia |
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Ammonia will diffuse into the tubular fluid where it can act as a_____ to neutralize a fluid |
Base |
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Ammonia will react with hydrogen and _____which pass in the urine |
Cl- |
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With ammonia reacting with hydrogen and chloride, and passed in the urine, this action works as a______To reduce strong acidity of the fluid |
Buffer |
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Which five things cause water retention |
ADH hypersecretion, dry mouth, renin release, ingestion of water, hyperkalemia |
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Which five things cause water retention |
ADH hypersecretion, dry mouth, renin release, ingestion of water, hyperkalemia |
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Which five things cause water loss |
Exercise in a warm climate, aldosterone hyposecretion, increased blood pressure, hyponatremia, decreased renal tubular reabsorption of water |
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What three things regarding homeostasis and function is phosphate responsible for |
It is generated by hydrolysis of ATP It activates many metabolic pathways it's an important buffer |
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What two things regarding homeostasis and function is chloride responsible |
It is the most abundant anion of the ECF It is required for formation of stomach acid |
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What five things regarding homeostasis and function is calcium responsible for |
It activates the sliding filament mechanism of muscular contraction It serves as a second messenger for some hormones neurotransmitters That activates exocytosis of neurotransmitters and other cellular secretions It is essential factor in blood clotting It is regulated by parathyroid hormone, calcitriol, and in children, calcitonin |
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A _____ is any mechanism that resist changes in pH |
Buffer |
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A ____ _____ uses direct elimination of acids, bases or carbon dioxide from the body in order to adjust a systemic acidity |
Physiological buffer |
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A substance that binds hydrogen during times of acidity in releases hydrogen during the time of alkalinity is referred to as a_____ _____. |
Chemical buffer |
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Carbon dioxide, when present and insufficient amounts, will bind with water to form____ ____ which is capable of disassociating into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions |
Carbonic acid |
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The _____ _____ _____ plays a significant role in the ICF because phosphates are capable of binding and unbinding hydrogen depending on current conditions of acidity or alkalinity. |
Phosphate buffer system |
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The carboxyl end of protein chains are capable of buffering hydrogen as a part of the____ ____ _____ |
Protein buffer system |
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When a person breathes in and out deeply and quickly for 30 seconds name the eight steps which occurred |
1-CO2 concentrations fall 2-Carbonic acid levels decrease 3-The pH rises 4-Peripheral and central chemoreceptors are stimulated 5-The pulmonary ventilation rate is decreased 6-CO2 begins to accumulate 7-The pH begins to fall 8-The pH is returned to normal |
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Plasma sodium concentrations above 145 mEq per liter represent________ A condition that rarely occurs due to equal increases in water |
Hypernatremia |
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The consumption of massive amounts of water and a short period time can produce_____Resulting from dilution of sodium in the ECF |
Hyponatremia |
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One large quantities of potassium released from the ICF following mass of tissue trauma,________Results causing membrane potentials to being abnormally less negative due to a reduced concentration gradient |
Hyperkalamia |
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Due often to excess sweating, diarrhea, or vomiting_____ causes the cell membrane to be hyperpolarized due to increased concentration gradients |
Hypokalemia |
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Hyperparathyroidism can result in______ The condition that reduces the membrane permeability to sodium in this inhibits membrane depolarization |
Hypercalcemia |
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Hyperparathyroidism can result in______ The condition that reduces the membrane permeability to sodium in this inhibits membrane depolarization |
Hypercalcemia |
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Muscular tetanus can occur as a result of ______ brought on by illness or vitamin D deficiency whereby the muscle inner membranes are hyperactive |
Hypocalcemia |
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A sperm count of any lower than______Million sperm per milliliter of semen is usually associated with infertility |
20 to 25 |
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What are the primary sex organs in both male and female |
Testes and ovaries (produce gametes) |
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What are secondary sex organs |
Organs other than the gonads that are necessary for reproduction |
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_____stimulates the interstitial cells of the testes to secrete____ |
Luteinizing hormone ; testosterone |
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Which of the following is an androgen? Estrogen; follicle-stimulating hormone; progesterone; Luteinizing hormone; testosterone |
Testosterone |
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The acrosome contains enzymes used to______ |
Penetrate barriers surrounding the ovum |
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When do the testes start secreting testosterone |
In the first trimester of fetal development |
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The deep region of the penis, surrounding the urethra, that in gorges the blood during an erection is known as the |
Corpus spongiosum |
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True or false. Regarding the blood testes barrier, it prevents anti-bodies in the blood from getting to the germ cells |
True |
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Heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate peak during the____ |
Climax (orgasm) |
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Name 4 things that are associated with changes in the male body resulted from puberty |
Deepening of the voice; gaining muscle mass; growth of the scrotum and penis; acne |
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The penile urethra is enclosed by the______ |
Corpus spongiosum |
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True or false. The mechanism that keeps the testes cooler than the bodies core temperature is called the descent of the testes |
False |
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True or false. Sperm travels to the ampulla of the ductus deferens before reaching the spermatic cord |
False |
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The process of spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis begins with a ____ and ends with four_____ |
Germ cell; gametes |
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Male infertility, (sterility) refers to _____ |
The inability to fertilize an egg |
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The gene that codes for the testes determining factor is found in or on the_____ |
Y chromosome |
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Gonads begin to develop_____ weeks after fertilization |
5 to 6 |
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In meiosis each parent cell produces_______ cells |
Four haploid |
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What are the three mechanisms play a role in thermoregulation of the testes |
Cremaster muscle Dartos muscle Pampiniform plexus -countercurrent heat exchanger |
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Sexual reproduction entails the union of two gonads to form a zygote /true or false |
False |
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The_______ is the site of sperm maturation in storage |
Epididymis |
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The______ is the small bilateral organ found lateral to the membranous urethra |
Bulbourethral gland |
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By volume, most of the semen is produced in the_____ |
Seminal vesicles |
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The first haploid stage of spermatogenesis is prophase two/ true or false |
True |
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The haploid result of meiosis I is called_____ |
Secondary spermatocytes |
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At what stage does a developing sperm cell begin to grow a tail |
Spermatid |
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True or false. Testosterone stimulates development of secondary sex characteristics, spermatogenesis, and libido |
True |
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At the end of meiosis one there are______ whereas at the end of meiosis 2 there are______ |
Two haploid; 4 haploid |
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Whether an organism will be genetically male or female is determined by______. |
The sperm |
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The penis is homologous to the______. |
Clitoris |
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Sustentacular cells secrete inhibin, which regulates the rate of sperm production. True or false |
True |
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Descent of the testes is stimulated by though______. |
Presence of testosterone |
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What is the primary sex organ and females |
Ovaries |
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______ have 26 chromosomes whereas_____ have 23 |
Primary spermatocytes; spermatids |
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True or false. Spermatogenesis is the last stage of meiosis |
False |
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Change is called male climacteric or a consequence of a_______ |
Decreased secretion of testosterone |
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Sildenafil (Viagra) prolongs erection by______ |
Inhibiting degradation of cGMP |
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True or false. The presence of Y chromosome guarantees the development of male secondary sex organs |
False |
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Which of the following is the most important role of meiosis and sexual reproduction |
It prevents the chromosome number from doubling in each generation |
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The mechanism of labor contractions is an example of______ |
A positive feedback loop |
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Female is born with approximately______million eggs each within its own follicle. When there are about 1000 follicles left,_______ begins. The remaining follicles secrete less estrogen and______. The uterus, vagina, and breasts then begin to_______. Sudden vasodilation of cutaneous arteries may cause________. |
2 Climacteric Progesterone Atrophy Hot flashes |
