Animal Welfare

Front 1

List 5 5 domains of potential animal welfare compromise.

Back 1

Nutrition, environment, health, behaviour, mental state.

(BLENHM without the L)

Front 2

Give a good definition of good animal welfare expressed in terms of the five domains.

Back 2

A good state of animal welfare exists when the behavioural, environmental, nutritional, health and mental needs of an animal are met.

Front 3

Describe the relationship between the first 4 domains and the fifth domain.

Back 3

Subjective experiences can be caused by sensory inputs from the 1st four physical domains (nutrition, health, environment, behaviour) feeding into the 5th mental domain, or they can arise in the mental domain by external stimulation.

Front 4

For the behavioural domain, note 1 specific example of how the particular compromise leads to negative experiences or feelings that an animal may have + name the experience or feeling.

Back 4

A large proportion of full repertoire of behaviour can be prevented from being expressed such as wild animals in cages. This lead to anxiety, helpleeness, frustation and boredom.

Front 5

How does the ventral neck cut using a sharp knife lead to the animal's death? Provide details of the functional changes that lead to death.

Back 5

Transects skin, muscle, trachea, oesophagus, arteries, jugular veins and other blood vessels, sensory nerves and connective tissue.
Severs major blood vessels supplying and draining the brain > designed to cause catastrophic decline in cerebral blood flow leading to a rapid onset of disordered brain function and unconsiousness or insensibility.

Front 6

Why is a pre-cut stun used in most commercial livestock slaughter. Provide details of how the stun helps to protect the animal's welfare.

Back 6

Consciousness or sensibility and the associated ability of the animal to experience distress/pain is not lost immediately. Can range from 3 seconds to longer than 60 seconds. Therefore the animal could be suffering greatly during this time.

Pre cut stunning renders animals unconscious or kills it before being cut. Thus cannot feel any pain during the cut itself, from the severed tissues, or experience any distress due to shock and rapid blood loss.

Front 7

What are the two main classes of stun in NZ.

Back 7

Head concussion and electric currents.

Front 8

How does head concussion work as pre-cut stunning and give 2 examples.

Back 8

Head concussion by captive bolt which penetrates skull and damages brain. Or percussive bolt which is non-penetrative but damages brain by jolt.

Front 9

How does electric shocks work as pre-cut stunning and give 2 examples.

Back 9

Electric current by head only which causes a seizure and immediate unconsciousness, reversible. Or head to back which stops the heart, causes a seizure and immediate unconsciousness, not reversible.

Front 10

In general terms, explain the roles of positive experiences in promoting or reducing animal welfare and provide three examples.

Back 10

Positive experiences promote good animal welfare. Has to be an absence of negative states as well as a presence of positive states
1. Good stockmanship of pigs causes them to be quieter/calmer.
2. Providing dust baths for chickens
5. Allowing animals to interact with others of their own species meet behavioural needs.

Front 11

What is the 'Gold Standard' treatment?

Back 11

Defines the ideal treatment that is to be required in a particular situation and will accept nothing less than that ideal.

Front 12

List and briefly describe the 6 major attributes of pain.

Back 12

1. Vocalisation- whimpering, squeaking, growling
2. Posture- cowering
3. Locomotion- reluctant to move, pacing, writhing
4. Temperament- withdrawn, docile, miserable, aggressive
email.

Front 13

Explain how the 5 domains can be used to comprehensively assess the welfare status of animals.

Back 13

Emphasizes the given areas related to the needs of animals where compromise to their welfare can occur, thus assess whether or not these needs are being met. Assess the experience of the animal and how it is reacting to the situation.

Front 14

Explain why pain cannot be measured directly in animals.

Back 14

Pain is a subjective experience - cannot be certain what animals experience when they are in pain. Therefore there is no specific measurement for pain.

Front 15

Explain how pain and its alleviation can be assessed in animals.

Back 15

Measure variables that are linked to what causes pain or with the impact of that pain on the animal.
1. Indirect indices of pain
2. Description of the behaviour, appearance and demeanour of the animal.
3. Quantifiable indices can be used. These include physiological e.g. plasma cortisol levels.
4. Behavioural indices - Vocalisation, posture, locomotion, temperament

Front 16

Explain the 'incremental improvement' approach to achieving animal welfare improvements.

Back 16

Enhance animal welfare in a step-wise fashion by setting a series of achievable goals. Each small advance is worthwhile progress towards the ideal.

Front 17

For the health domain, note 1 specific example of how the particular compromise leads to negative experiences or feelings that an animal may have + name the experience or feeling.

Back 17

Health compromises such as bacterial infections can lead to the animal experiencing symptoms such as fever, decreased appetite, inflammation. This causes the animal to feel weak and experience pain/irritation.

Front 18

For the mental domain, note 1 specific example of how the particular compromise leads to negative experiences or feelings that an animal may have + name the experience or feeling.

Back 18

Mental compromise such as a horse being flooded with a fearful stimuli results in sweating, tremors and increased cortisol levels, which indicates the horse is experiencing anxiety, fear, distress and helplessness.

Front 19

For the environmental domain, note 1 specific example of how the particular compromise leads to negative experiences or feelings that an animal may have + name the experience or feeling.

Back 19

An animal in an unsafe environment such as stock in a yard with protruding objects and uneven surfaces and lead to abrasion, bruises, and lameness which results in pain and inflammation.

Front 20

For the nutritonal domain, note 1 specific example of how the particular compromise leads to negative experiences or feelings that an animal may have + name the experience or feeling.

Back 20

Food deprivation or inadequacy leads to a negative energy balance and wasting of body tissues while the animal experiences moderate to severe hunger.

Front 21

List 3 advantages and disadvantages of Gold Standard treatment.

Back 21

Advantages: Clearly defined standards, precise objectives, animals receive best care as possible.

Disadvantages: Standards are very high and may be unrealistic, frustration due to lack of progress, no immediate compliance required.

Front 22

List 3 advantages and disadvantages of Incremental improvement.

Back 22

Advantages: Reachable targets, achievement and satisfaction, retain client confident and co-op.

Disadvantages: Targets too low, lip service (saying you are doing it but not really), setting lower limit of acceptable welfare.

Front 23

Time of consciousness after neck cut before rendered unconscious in sheep.

Back 23

5-22 secs

Front 24

Time of consciousness after neck cut before rendered unconscious in chickens.

Back 24

5-60 secs

Front 25

Time of consciousness after neck cut before rendered unconscious in cattle.

Back 25

5-60 secs

Front 26

Time of consciousness after neck cut before rendered unconscious in goats

Back 26

3-7 secs

Front 27

Define euthanasia.

Back 27

Kind approach to ending pain and suffereing, overall aim is to minimise suffering.

Front 28

Euthanasia methods must....(3 things)

Back 28

1) Instantaneously kill OR
2) Immediately render unconsciousness prior to killing act
3) Without distress!