Animal Tissue

Front 1

During development animal tissue becomes specialized into three layers. what are they?

Back 1

Ectoderm: outer layer becomes skin, brain, nervous system

Mesoderm: middle layer becomes organs, muscles, bones and cartilage.

Endoderm: becomes the gut (glands inner lining of respiratory and intestinal tract).

Front 2

sponges

Back 2

simplest animals and lack true tissue
they zygote does not form a bastula
several cell types but but no organized tissue or organs

Front 3

Diploblastic animals

Back 3

-2 germ layers endo and ecto.
- no true digestive system
- ex. jellyfish

Front 4

Triploblastic animals
-divided into what 3 types ?

Back 4

- 3 germ layers
-divided into acoelomates, pseudocoelomates and coelmates

Front 5

Acoelomates

Back 5

-no define body cavity
-must get food from host digestive system
ex. flatworm

Front 6

Pseudocoelmates

Back 6

-have body cavity but not lined by tissue of the mesoderm.
-ex. round worm

Front 7

Colemates
-divided into?

Back 7

-have a true fluid filled body cavity
-divided into protostomes and deuterstomes.

Front 8

Protostomes
development

Back 8

-1st opening becomes mouth 2nd the anus
-mesoderm splits 2 form coelom.

Front 9

Deuterostomes
development

Back 9

1st opening becomes the anus 2nd becomes mouth.
-mesoderm hollows to become coelem

Front 10

5 stages in animal development
*order not definition.

Back 10

1.Clevage
2.bastula
3.gastrulation
4.neuralation
5.organogenesis

Front 11

clevage

Back 11

1st divisions of egg. continues until egg becomes bastula

Front 12

bastula

Back 12

hollow ball of undifferentiated cells

Front 13

Gastrulation

Back 13

-tissue differentiation
-the 3 germ layers separate
(endo, ecto, meso)

Front 14

Neuralation

Back 14

nervous system develops

Front 15

Organogenesis

Back 15

organs develop.

Front 16

Kingdom Anamilia
-key characteristics

Back 16

1. made of eukaryotic cells
2.cells lack cell wall
3.muticellular
4.heterotrophic (eat for energy)

Front 17

Animal Evolution
-5 key Evolutions-
(in order)

Back 17

1.tissues
2.structural symmetry: radial and bilateral
3.body cavity
4.embryonic developmental plans
5. segmented bodies

Front 18

evolution of tissues
-1st evolution division in the animal tree-

Back 18

tissues are formed when groups of cells designed to carry out specific functions are separated by other groups of membranes.

Front 19

Parazoa and eumetazoa

Back 19

Parazoa (near animals) primitive animals that lack true tissue. each cell carries out of of the bodies functions

Eumetazoa (true animals) have tissue that carry out particular function in the body.

Front 20

----evolution of symmetry----
-2nd evolution division in the animal tree.

Back 20

this division in the animal tree occurs in the eumetazoans branch and results in the separation of animals into two distinct groups based on body symmetry: radial and bilateral.

Front 21

radiata and bilateria
divisions

Back 21

radiata: (radially symmetrical animals) jellyfish. urchen

bilateria:(bilaterally symmetrical animals) symmetrical along a singe axis. Most Eumetazoans exhibit bilateral symmetry ex birds fish

Front 22

Evolution of the body cavity
-3rd major evolutionary divide

Back 22

body cavities allowed the development of complex digestive systems and provided space for specialized internal organs.
3 divisions by body cavity
1.acoelomates (radiata)
bilateria divided into:
2:pseudocoelmates
3:coelomates

Front 23

acolomates

Back 23

have no body cavity
many are radiata
jellyfish

Front 24

pseudocoelmates and
coelomates

Back 24

bilateria
these groups differ bases on the tissue from which their body cavity is formed.

Front 25

embryonic developmental plans
-4th major evolutionary divide

Back 25

the bilatera can be divided into two groups based on their embryonic development plans:
1. protostomes
2. deuterostomes

Front 26

zygote

Back 26

all animals develop from a fertilized egg cell called a zygote.

Front 27

bastula

Back 27

the zygote divides multiple time an forms a hollow ball of cells called a bastula.

Front 28

Gastrula

Back 28

the bastula folds in on itself in a process called gastrulation and forms a structure know as the gastrula

Front 29

what is the gastrula made up of?

Back 29

the gasturla is made of a distinct front and back and three layers of cells:
endoderm
mesoderm
ecdoderms

Front 30

blastophore
-an opening in the gastrula

Back 30

protostomes: the blastophore develops into the mouth other end becomes anus

deutrostomes the blastophore becomes the anus and the mouth on the other end.

Front 31

protosomes

Back 31

include bilateria such as the mollusk(snails) annelids(earthworms) and arthropods:crustations & insects

Front 32

------deuterostomes-----
include all other bilateria

Back 32

such as the
echinoderms: star fish
chordates: mammals

Front 33

Segmented bodies
-5th evolutionary division

Back 33

the development of segmentation or a body plan composed of repeated body units is the next major division in the animal phyla

Front 34

2 major benefits of segmented bodies

Back 34

1. locomotion
2.duplication

Front 35

invertebrates

Back 35

animals that lack a backbone, 97% of organisms in animal kingdom

Front 36

vertebrates

Back 36

animals with a backbone are found only in the phylum Chordata

Front 37

9 phyla that account for most animal species on earth.

Back 37

1.porifera
2.cnidaria
3.platyhelminthes
4.nematoda
5.mollusca
6.annelida
7.arthropoda
8.echinodermata
9.chordata

Front 38

porifera

Back 38

lack true tissue and symmetry
sponges
most ancient animal lineage

Front 39

Cnidarian

Back 39

radial symmetry
unique characteristic: cnidocytes, stinging cells on the surface of tenticle (capturing prey)
-jellyfish

Front 40

Platyhelminthes

Back 40

have true tissue bilateral
lack internal cavity (acoelmate group)
aquatic

Front 41

nematoda

Back 41

bilateral and protostome development
have mouth and anus

Front 42

Mollusca

Back 42

true tissue, bilateral symmetry, protostome development and a coelom.
ex.snails, clams, squid

Front 43

annelida

Back 43

segmented worms, earth worms, leeches.
have true tissue, bilateral symmetry, protostome developments and a coelom.

Front 44

arthropoda

Back 44

insects crabs spiders shrimp

have true tissue, bilateral, protostome development, a coelom, and a hard exoskeleton made of chitin
segmented body plan

Front 45

echinoderms

Back 45

deuterostome development, a coelom hard exoskeleton made of calcium(just below their skin)
ex. sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers

Front 46

Chordata

Back 46

deuterostome development, a coelom and a notochord.

Front 47

coelom

Back 47

a fluid filled cavity formed within the mesoderm in some animals
(develop in triploblast)

Front 48

Notochord

Back 48

The notochord is a flexible, rod-shaped body found in embryos of all chordates. In vertebrates, the notochord develops into the backbone

Front 49

major classes of vertebrates

Back 49

fish
amphibian
reptiles
birds
mammals

Front 50

animal orgins
colonial protist

Back 50

animals evolved from colonial protist more than 575 millions years ago and diversified during the cambrian era.

Front 51

cambrian explosion

Back 51

a period that is believed to mark the origin of a significant number of diverse animal species

Front 52

Animal tissue
-4 basic types

Back 52

tissues are composed of groups of specialized cells. vertebrates have 4 basic types of tissue:
1.epithelial
2.connective tissue
3.muscle tissue
4.nervous tissue

Front 53

epithelial tissue

Back 53

lines the surfaces of the body an usually acts as a selective barrier that allows passage of some, but not all materials

Front 54

connective tissue

Back 54

support stabilize and protect the organs of the body. all connective tissue consisit of cells surrounded by fluids called ground substances.
types of connective tissue
1.dense connective
2.loose connective
3.blood
4.cartilage
5.bone

Front 55

muscle tissue

Back 55

has the ability to contract, allowing organisms to move
types:
skeletal, smooth, cardiac

Front 56

nervous tissue

Back 56

produces and conducts electrochemical signals between the organs of the body and the brain.
types:
motor nuerons
sensory neurons
associated neurons
glial cells

Front 57

homeostasis is maintained through

Back 57

negative and positive feedback loops