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219 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what drives the pet industry |
accessories |
|
% of households in the US that own at least on pet |
almost 70 |
|
most common cause of companion animal ailments |
nutritional health |
|
major problem in dogs |
obesity |
|
negativity of____ in dog food |
byproduct |
|
main $ making industry based on |
marketing |
|
which amino acids in cat food |
taurine and arginine |
|
look mainly at what when buying pet food |
%protein and %fat |
|
important in food and a type of fill |
grain |
|
pet food with fixed formula sold through specialty stores or veterinarians |
premium |
|
what type of food do companies want you to buy |
high moisture cause they are mostly water |
|
dogs running sheep does what |
release epinephrine, increase adrenaline and muscle mass |
|
more protein means less |
poop |
|
beta carotene from plant sources found in what |
dog food |
|
cats cant metabolize |
propylene glycol |
|
ideal body condition for pets |
3 |
|
what is given to dogs if they eat chocolate |
hydrogen peroxide |
|
in chocolate, cant be metabolized |
theobromine |
|
what is bad about antifreeze |
contains ethylene glycol, one teaspoon causes rapid destruction of cells in renal tube |
|
what does rat poison do |
prevents blood clotting, creates internal bleeding |
|
vitamin needed for proper blood clotting |
vitamin k |
|
why are pesticides more common in cats |
due to lower activity of liver enzymes |
|
products now are based on |
pyrethrum |
|
plants toxic to cats |
easter lillies, tiger lillies, day lillies |
|
how many ounces of chocolate can kill a small dog |
4 |
|
what prevents ticks and chiggers in the area |
fire ants |
|
proglotid |
egg of tapeworm |
|
monenzia |
tape worm |
|
tapeworm caused by |
ingestion of fleas |
|
intestinal cramping and diarrhea but goes unnoticed |
signs of tapeworm |
|
how to treat tapeworms |
hard to treat, use dewormers |
|
zoonotic worm that lives in intestine of animals, most common cause of blindness in children |
round worms |
|
dull hair, pot bellied,weight loss, coughing, vomiting, diarrhea |
signs of round worms |
|
how to treat round worms |
dewormer containing pyrantel pamoate for 2-3 weeks |
|
small parasite ound in the intestine that feed by puncturing the blood vessel |
hook worm |
|
diarrhea, vomiting, poor apetitie, weakness, pale mucous membrane, anemia, death |
signs of hook worm |
|
how to treat hookworm |
same as roundworm |
|
small parasite that only affects dogs, feed by burying their head into the walls of the small intestine |
whip worms |
|
diarrhea, weight loss, electrolyte abnormalities that might cause seizures |
signs of whip worms |
|
treatment of whip worms |
dewormer containing tenbendazole, dispose of food and toys that might contain eggs |
|
deep chest cough, fatigue and lethargy, weight loss, labored respiration, abdominal distention or bloating |
signs of heart worm |
|
canine infectious diseases |
distemper, hepatitis, parvos, corona, rabies |
|
feline infectious diseases |
peritonitis, rhinotracheitis, leukemia, rabies |
|
zoonotic diseases |
rabies, salmonella, lyme, giardia, ring worm, toxoplasmosis |
|
beaver fever |
giardia |
|
bigger problem because of deer feeders |
lyme disease |
|
ideal age for dog breeding |
2-6 years |
|
how many estrous cycles per year in dog |
2 |
|
estrus of dog |
5 to 9 days |
|
gestation of dog |
58-60 days |
|
when do female cats reach puberty |
6-9 montsh |
|
seasonally polyesterus induced ovularos |
cats |
|
male hormones |
testosterone FH LAH |
|
CIDR |
encoded with progesterone queen hormone |
|
need volume |
testes |
|
what does AI do |
deposit sperm closer to uterine horn |
|
how many sperm cells aday |
4 billion |
|
prostate, seminal vesicles and ampula make up what |
accesory glands, buffer tracks to not kill sperm |
|
what happens when retractor penis muscle is relaed |
erect |
|
caput |
head |
|
cauda |
tail |
|
vas deferens |
where vas sectomy occurs |
|
fertilize at what temp |
4-5 cooler than body |
|
enzyme to cut into egg |
acryzome |
|
spermtogenisis |
produce and maintain supply of sperm |
|
how long is spermatogenisis |
60 days |
|
how to detetect females in estrus |
pheromones, visual cues |
|
functions of male |
spermatogenisis, detects estrus, insiminate |
|
when to mate |
before ovulation |
|
capacitation |
acrysomal reaction |
|
contains vas deferens, pampiniform plexus, external cremaster muscle nerves |
spermatic cord |
|
transport sperm during ejaculation |
vas deferens |
|
sperm producing cells true germinal epithelium |
seminiferous |
|
raises and lowers scrotum depending on temp |
external cremaster |
|
maturation of spermatazoa |
corpus epididymis |
|
final maturation, only sperm capable of fertilizing egg, storage, only sperm capable of fertilization |
cauda epididymis |
|
function in sperm transport from seminiferous tubules |
rete testis |
|
white outer covering that holds evertyhing together |
tunica albuginea |
|
function in maturation of spermatazoa, fluid absorption |
caput |
|
where sperm is produced, supports spermatogenisis |
sercolli |
|
looks fo estrous |
flemen response |
|
causes epididomitis, inflammation, sterile and transmittible |
brucella ovis |
|
testosterone synthesis |
leydig cells |
|
function of testes |
produce testosterone, leydig cells stimulated by LH from anterior pituatary |
|
testosterone function |
stimulates secondary sex characteristics, maintains libido, maintains function of male reproductive tract |
|
1st major factors of the scrotum |
location of testes(outside and away from body for circulation) low insulation sweat gland richly endowed tunica daros lining scrotal wall change in testes location change in scrotal surface area |
|
2nd major factor |
blood supply to testis pampiniform plexus |
|
cryptorchidism |
when testes dont descend into scrotum |
|
bilateral |
sterile, no live sperm |
|
unilateral |
fertile, live sperm, reduce sperm producing capacity |
|
neither testes descend into scrotum |
bilateral |
|
function of epididymis |
storage of sperm- cauda, only half sperm produced make it to this point can be stored for several weeks |
|
fate of ejaculated sperm |
reabsorbed by excurrent duct sperm lost in urine, 87% masturbation loss of sperm |
|
how are sperm and volume concentration related |
inversly related |
|
sheep have |
high conentration, low volume |
|
swine have |
high volume, low concentration |
|
corpus luteum does what |
in ovary produces progesterone |
|
when sperm cells go in circles |
cold shock |
|
not present in horses |
sigmoid flexture |
|
BSE CHECKS WHAT |
fertility(motility and morphology), BCS, feet |
|
when do you do a BSE |
60 days before wanting to mate |
|
what do you do to feet |
hoof trim |
|
fertility influenced by |
environment |
|
functions of the female repro tract |
control activity of organs with hormones,transport sperm, produce oocyte,facilitate fertilization,provide environment for embryo and fetus,give birth to fetus, recycle to become pregnant again, provide nutrients to young |
|
first barrier to sperm cells |
cervix |
|
uterine cntractions caused by |
oxytocine |
|
guides egg in to repro tract |
infidibutum |
|
stimulation of myometrial contractions |
transport system |
|
how long for fertilized egg to reach its place |
7 days |
|
dialation of cervix, strong uterine contractions |
giving birth |
|
involution of uterus, return to positive enrgy balance |
recycle to become pregnant again |
|
passageway for urine, receptor for penis during copulation, passageway for fetus |
vulva |
|
female organ of copulation and mating, birth canal at parturition, muscosal surface that changes during estrous |
vagina |
|
what does lubrication and acidic pH of vagina do |
prevents bacteria |
|
thick wall extension of uterus, passageway for sperm following breeding, species specific, secretes mucous to seal off during pregnancy |
cervix |
|
cervix for corkscrew male |
pig |
|
cervix with no fold |
horse |
|
cervix with 4-5 annular rings |
cow |
|
function of cervix |
transport sperm, barrier to sperm, reservoir for sperm,blocking bacterial invasion, birth canal |
|
womb, incubator for fertilized ovum, aids travel of sperm, secretory organ |
uterus |
|
what determines length of horns |
length of ovulation |
|
longest horns |
pigs |
|
gets rid of CL |
prosglotid |
|
how many eggs for every CL sight |
1 |
|
CL secretes |
progesterone |
|
functions of uterus |
transport sperm, muscle contractions, sperm motility, absorption and phagocytosis, partially prepares sperm for fertilizaion, provides environment for embryo, supports development of fetus, expels fetus, recovers from pregnancy |
|
what does uterus do to sperm |
capacitate for acryzomal reaction |
|
outer covering of embryo |
zona pelucida |
|
site of ovulation |
AIJ |
|
what happens if not pregnant |
uterine endometrium releases prostaglandin to cause CL to regress |
|
what happens if pregnant |
embryo provides chemical signal that allows for CL to be maintained |
|
Oviductal functions |
transport sperm to site of fertilization reduce sperm numbers to prevent polyspermy, remove oocyte from surface of ovary Transport oocyte to site of fertilization |
|
suspensory support of the repro tract |
broad ligament |
|
broad ligament |
holds repro tract to where it needs to be |
|
eggs locked in which phase of meiosis |
prophase |
|
2 ovaries, produces the fmale gamete, produces female sex hormone |
ovary |
|
does CL mean you are pregnant |
no |
|
where is prostoglandin made and what does it do |
uterus, gets rid of CL |
|
ovarian cortex |
contains female germ cell outside, oocytes, follicles,CL |
|
Medulla |
Inside, contains connective tissue, blood vessel, lymphatic nerves |
|
mare has inversion of what |
cortex and medulla |
|
home of pregnancy |
CL |
|
ovulation nerve on horse |
ovulation fossa |
|
given to feedlot heifer |
MGA |
|
blister like structure on ovary that contains ovum and hormone rich fluid |
follicle |
|
graffian |
mature follicle |
|
arteric |
detoriated follicle |
|
cystic |
continous CL or graffian or arteric |
|
CH |
contains blood lymph and granulosa cells, occurs before the CL and the CA, after ovulation |
|
after ovulation order |
graffia,->CH->CL->CA |
|
yellow body that forms after ovulation, produces progesterone |
CL |
|
composed of luteal cells that originate from granulosa and thecal cells of the grafian follicle |
CL |
|
Function to produce progesterone that: |
inhibits estrus and parturition, blocks myometrial contractions, stimulates endometrial secretion of nutrients, stimulates the productions of a luteolytic agent |
|
what does uterus listen for |
inferon tau to know you are pregnant |
|
white body, regressed CL, caused by prostaglandin |
CA |
|
stress hormone |
cortosol |
|
use what to get rid of CL |
prostoglandin |
|
Gonodotropin relasing hormone secreted by |
hypothalamus |
|
gonodotropin acts upon |
anterior pituatary |
|
gonodotropin stimulates |
release of fsh |
|
hypothalamic hormone that provides the ositive drive for secretion of both LH and FSH by anterior pituatary |
GnRH |
|
Maturing of follicle and sperm, secreted by anterior pituatary, acts upon ovary, induces ovulation and development of CL, stimulates testosterone |
LH |
|
secreted by the anterior pituatary, acts upon ovary, needed in very small amounts. Induces follicular development, induces estrogen production, stimulates spermatogenisis |
FSH |
|
secreted by the follicle, negative feedback, acts upon anterior pituatary, causes reduction of FSH |
Inhibin |
|
secreted by the follocle, responsible for estrus, influence mobility and secretory function in the reproductive tract, uterine milk, responsible for early stage development of the mammary gland |
estrogen |
|
secreted by the CL, hormone of pregnancy, maintanence, final maturation of the mammary gland, negative feedback of the hypothalamus |
Progesterone |
|
secreted by posterior pituatary, and CL. Acts upon smooth muscle, causes contractions of smooth muscle, milk let down, uterin contractions |
oxytocin |
|
secreted by the uteine lining, acts upon CL, produced by endometrium of the non pregnant uterus, causes regression of CL, causes uterine contraction, gives pregnant or open signal |
Prostaglandin |
|
in cattle and sheep, pregnancy recognitions signal, produced by fertilized ovum, recieved by uterus, block leukocytes |
Inferion tau |
|
estrus duration 12 hours |
cow |
|
estrus duration 24-36 hours |
sheep |
|
estrus of 48-54 hours |
swine |
|
estrus duration of 6 days |
horse |
|
Makes CL group, ovulates |
LH |
|
High in what on day 0 |
Estrogen due to estrus |
|
Made in graffian |
Estrogen |
|
Made by fertilized ovum |
Inferion |
|
Release gonads, follicles recruited in 24 hours |
GnRH |
|
Why synchronize estrous |
Scheduled calving, more heats per breeding season,problem cows identified,early conception, increased heifer management, facilitates the use of AI |
|
Natural synchronization method, synchronizing females spontaneously, surge in LH |
Ram effect |
|
Cause leutolysis, shorten the current estrous cycle starting every animal at the same stage |
Prostoglandins |
|
Keep all animals at the same state until progestins are removed and they cycle together, produced by CL |
Progestins |
|
Timing specific |
Progesterone |
|
Used as a management tool, guessing |
Prostoglanding |
|
Will only work on cycling females, must have CL present |
Prostoglandins |
|
Controlled intervaginal drug release,progesterone insert commonly used to synchronize estrus herds, effective in non cycling heifers |
CIDR |
|
Progesterone released over how long by CIDR |
7 days |
|
How long after CIDR removal will estrus show |
24-48 hrs |
|
Progesterone to surpress heat in feedlot heifers |
MGA |
|
gomer bull |
teaser, detects for estrus |
|
when can prostoglandin be used as synchronization |
when CL is on ovary |
|
insemination for cow |
retrocerviacl |
|
rule for timing of insimination for cow |
AM/PM cows detected in the morning are bred in the afternoon and vice versa |
|
insemination for sow |
cervical-counter clockwise rotation of the cervix |
|
insemination of mare |
vaginocervical, can also be done rectally, dependant on size of follicel |
|
insimination for sheep, goat and deer |
laparoscopy- surgically place sperm in uterine horn |
|
additional insemination for goat |
speculum- allows for visual inspection |
|
how are bull, rams and stallions sperm collected |
artificial vagina |
|
inserted in rectum to sit on accessory gland, stimulates nerve over bulbourethral gland |
electro ejaculation |
|
sperm diluted with what to make it last longer |
extender |
|
extender made up of |
frusctose, double distilled water, antibiotics, glycerol, egg yolk |
|
can regular water be given to sperm |
no, it will kill it |
|
takes water out of sperm cell and displaces it, does not hurt sperm or embryo |
glycerol |
|
has cholesterol for lipids to make cell membrane elastic |
egg yolk |
|
kills sperm, must be careful to remove |
egg white |
|
semen that cannot be frozen |
turkey |
|
semen that freezes best |
bull |
|
what must be done before AI |
heat detection |
|
paturition initiated by |
cortisol, stress hormone, from fetal adrenal cortex |
|
what happens when start to give birth |
progesterone declines, estrogen, prostoglandin, oxytocin rise |
|
helps to relax cartilage and ligaments in the pelvic region |
relaxin |
|
uses FSH |
super ovulation |
|
induction of follicular development in excess of the normal number. saving follicle that would become atretic |
follicular rescue |
|
what must be done for super ovulation |
estrous cycles of the donor and recepient must be synchronized using things such as synchromate B |
|
donor should be bred with two units of semen when |
12 hours post estrus and one unit of semen 24 hours post estrus |
|
the recepient females must have what |
synchronous estrouss cycles with the donor to achieve pregnancy |
|
when should embryos be collected and why |
7 days because this is when theyd have CL, are high in progesterone and are in oviduct horn |
|
used to collect embryos, inserted through the vagina and cervix into the uterus and held in place by an inflatable cuff |
foley catheter |
|
makes things slick and keeps from sticking, embryos flushed out of donor uterus with this |
phosphate buffered saline |