Animal Physiology: Unit #2

Front 1

Which of these is true of receptors?

Back 1

All of these

-Often found in specialized sense organs grouped with similar cells

-Specialized for specific modalities

-Convert stimulus into action potentials

Front 2

Sensory adaptation refers to:

Back 2

The ability of receptors to become less responsive to a stimulus of a given intensity

Front 3

Sensory perception refers to:

Back 3

The ability of interneuron circuits to interpret codified afferent input in order to "sample" reality

Front 4

Stimulus intensity is encoded by:

Back 4

B & C

-Generator potential frequency

-(Degree of) receptor recruitment

Front 5

2nd order afferents carrying somatosensory input from the retina would form synapses in what area?

Back 5

Thalamus

Front 6

3rd order afferents carrying photoreceptor input from the retina would form synapses in what area?

Back 6

Occipital lobe

Front 7

Channels found in osmoreceptors responsible for sensing osmotic stress (tonicity) are ________.

Back 7

Mechanically-gated

Front 8

Channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum responsible for sensing membrane potential changes are ________.

Back 8

Voltage-gated

Front 9

Which of these is true of visual receptors?

Back 9

Cones have higher acuity than rods.

Front 10

Which of these is true of auditory receptors?

Back 10

Auditory receptors near the oval window transduce high frequency sounds.

Front 11

The receptor cells for receiving auditory stimuli in fish are located in the ________.

Back 11

Cochlear duct

Front 12

The receptor cells for receiving auditory stimuli in vertebrates are located in the ________.

Back 12

???

Front 13

Mammals distinguish distinct olfactory odorants through the:

Back 13

Olfactory glomeruli

Front 14

Non-human mammals detect olfactory pheromones through the:

Back 14

Vomeronasal organ

Front 15

A tonic receptor:

Back 15

All of these

-Slowly adapts to stimulus

-Doesn't have an off response

-Uses continuous information

Front 16

A phasic receptor:

Back 16

Can have an off response

Front 17

Which of the following pairs are related?

Back 17

-Salty taste & ENaC channels

-Bitter taste & metabotropism (g-protein coupled receptor)

-Umami & glutamate ligands (alkaloid)

-Sweet taste & G-protein coupled receptor (ionotropism)

Front 18

Almost all steroid hormones activate their target cells by:

Back 18

Binding with intracellular receptors of target cells & directly altering gene expression patterns

Front 19

Peptide hormones activate their target cells by:

Back 19

Binding with receptors on target cell membrane & using second messenger molecules in the target cell.

Front 20

Which of these is true of hormones?

Back 20

-Many endocrine organs have other functions besides hormone secretion.

-Endocrine glands can secrete more than one type of hormone.

-Most endocrine hormones are secreted primarily by a single endocrine tissue.

-Some endocrine hormones can activate a variety of receptors.

Front 21

Which of the following events triggers molting in insects?

Back 21

Decreased juvenile hormone.

Front 22

Which of the following events triggers dramatic metamorphic transformations in insects?

Back 22

Decreased juvenile hormone.

Front 23

Which of these hormones is released by the liver in response to GH & stimulates bone growth?

Back 23

Insulin-like growth factor 1

Front 24

Which of these is released in response to cold exposure & stimulates metabolic heat production?

Back 24

Thyroxine

Front 25

Which of the following symptoms is indicative of Cushing's Syndrome?

Back 25

Hyperglycemia

Front 26

Which of the following symptoms is indicative of Addison's disease?

Back 26

Widespread inflammation

Front 27

The adenohypophyseal hormone ________ stimulates the mammary tissue to produce milk.

Back 27

Prolactin

Front 28

Nutritional tyrosine deficiency might cause a primary insufficiency of which hormone?

Back 28

A & C only

-Epinephrine

-Thyroid hormone

Front 29

The neurohypophyseal hormone ________ stimulates the mammary tissue to eject milk.

Back 29

Oxytocin

Front 30

Although gap junctions are present in many cells, cardiac muscle cells organize connexons into specialized plates called ________.

Back 30

Intercalated discs

Front 31

In many respects, cortisol & epinephrine duplicate each other's effects in the stress response. However, cortisol and not epinephrine:

Back 31

Causes an increase in amino acids in the blood.

Front 32

Which of the following ATP-dependent steps of the contraction-relaxation cycle could be accomplished with a non-hydrolyzable form of ATP (e.g. ATP-gamma-S)?

Back 32

Release of actin by myosin

Front 33

Although actin is present in most cells, muscle cells organize actin with myosin into specialized organelles called ________.

Back 33

Myofibrils

Front 34

Which of the following are important functions of ATP in skeletal muscle cells?

Back 34

-ATP provides energy for cocking of the myosin head while unbound

-ATP provides energy for the active transport of calcium back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

-ATP binds to the myosin head and promotes dissociation of the actin-myosin cross-bridge

Front 35

Troponin binds ________ to move ________ exposing binding sites for cross-bridge formation.

Back 35

-Calcium

-Tropomyosin

Front 36

Calmodulin binds ________ to activate ________ promoting actin-myosin cross-bridge formation.

Back 36

-Calcium

-Myosin light chain kinase

Front 37

Which of the following is similar between single unit smooth muscle & cardiac muscle?

Back 37

Both coordinate contraction of adjacent cells by equalizing ion gradients via gap junctions.

Front 38

Which of the following is similar between skeletal muscle & cardiac muscle?

Back 38

Both have myofilaments arranged in parallel lines.

Front 39

Receptive Field Size

Back 39

Acuity

Front 40

Hydrophobicity

Back 40

Longevity/Potency (of hormone effect)

Front 41

Motor Unit Size

Back 41

Dexterity (Nimbleness)

Front 42

Cellular Mitochondrial Density

Back 42

Endurance (Resistance to Fatigue)

Front 43

Enzyme Activity Rate

Back 43

Speed (of action)

Front 44

Simplest photoreceptive organ that forms image.

Back 44

Pinhole Eye

Front 45

Best photoreceptive organ for movement & detection.

Back 45

Compound Eye

Front 46

Evolutionary adaptation for nocturnal vision.

Back 46

Tapetum Lucidum

Front 47

Most sensitive vertebrate photoreceptor.

Back 47

Rod

Front 48

Made of densely packed units, each with a lens & photoreceptors.

Back 48

Compound Eye

Front 49

Adjusts depth of focus for incoming light rays.

Back 49

Lens

Front 50

Slow twitch:

Back 50

-Resists fatigue

-Has a richer blood supply

Front 51

Fast twitch:

Back 51

-Contains more glycogen

-Training stimulates hypertrophy

-Contains more glycolytic enzymes