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128 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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DM
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Dry Matter
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CP
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Crude Protein
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NDF
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Neutral Detergent Fiber
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TDN
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Total Digestible Nutrients
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NFE
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Nitrogen Free Extract
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To convert the percent Nitrogen to percent crude protein, simply:
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multiply by 6.25
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This polysaccharide is sometimes referred to as an animal starch:
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glycogen
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monosaccharide found primarily in syrup
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glucose
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a monosaccharide found primarily in honey
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fructose
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a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose
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sucrose
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a disaccharide composed of glucose and galactose...
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lactose
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a polysaccharide made of alpha 1-4 linked straight chain of glucose...
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amylase
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This polysaccharide is indigestible by all livestock...
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lignin
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Carrier proteins responsible for glucose absorption across intestinal mucosa...
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SGLT (active), GLUT (facilitated)
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When Forage:Grain ratio increases in animal diet, the molar ratio of acetate (increase/decrease)
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increase
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When grain proportion of the diet increases the molar ratio of propionate (increase/decrease)
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increase
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T/F: When converting AS-FED to DM, nutrient concentration will increase.
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True
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T/F: Fat has higher energy content than carbohydrate.
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True
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T/F: TDN of a feed increases when the percent of digestible mineral increases.
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False
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T/F: Polysaccharides are readily absorbed by monogastric intestines.
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False
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T/F: Milk sugar is also known as lactose.
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True
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T/F: pancreatic enzymes do not digest alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds.
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False
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T/F: Maltose is to hydrolyzed to 2 glucose units.
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True
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T/F: Cellulose is formed by glucose polymers linked by alpha 1-6 linkages.
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False
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T/F: Propionate is used primarily for gluconeogenesis.
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True
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T/F: In the rumen, starch fermentation occurs after cellulose fermentation.
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False
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Name three essential amino acids:
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leucine, isoleucine, methionine
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Name two non-essential amino acids:
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aspartic acid, proline
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What is a limiting essential amino acid?
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An essential amino acid that present in the least amount in relation to the animal’s need for that particular amino acid.
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Describe the similarity and difference between free amino acid and peptide transport across the intestinal mucosa:
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Similarity: Carrier-mediated transports.
Difference: Na+-dependent transport for free amino acids H+-dependent transport for di- and tri-peptides |
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Why can ruminants survive on limited true dietary protein sources.
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because they have microbes in the rumen that that convert proteins to microbial proteins, that are better in quality. So, protein in feed does not reflect protein digested.
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RDP
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Rumen Degradable Protein
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RUP
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Rumen Degradable Protein
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NPN
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Non-Protein Nitrogen
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ADIN
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Acid Detergent Insoluble Nitrogen
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MFN
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Metabolic Fecal Nitrogen
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Transamination:
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amino group is transferred to glutamate, which is then deaminated. Intermediate in NH3 removal.
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Deamination:
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ammonium is released directly from the amino group.
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What is the SITE of synthesis and what are the names of mitochondrial enzymes involved in ureas synthesis.
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Liver
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase Ornithine transcarbamoylase |
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Although corn is the most widely used energy feed in the USA, it is low in these amino acids:
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Methionine, Lysine and Tryptophan
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Sorghum is fed mostly in _______ Western regions of the USA because it is ______ and ______ tolerant.
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semi-arid, drought, heat
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A crop that has the capacity to harbor nitrifying bacteria in nodules on its roots is known as a:
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legume
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A crop that must be propagated from seed each year is referred to as ______ crop.
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annual
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A pasture that is seeded on freshly cultivated soil for use in only one or part of one grazing season is referred to as ____ pasture.
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temporary
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What is the danger of feeding exclusively alfalfa to ruminants and how can this danger be avoided?
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Can cause bloat & feed a mixture of legume and grass (ie timothy & alfalfa)
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Why isn't pasture grazing widely used in dairy operations?
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1.) cost is too high 2.) inability to control off-flavors 3.) quality varies throughout the year
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T/F: A non-essential amino acid is not needed for protein synthesis.
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False
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T/F: The biological value of a protein depends on teh amount of the limiting amino acid.
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True
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T/F: Pepsinogen is secreted by parietal cells of the stomach.
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False
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T/F: Ruminants depend more on dietary protein than non-ruminants.
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False
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T/F: A high level of ADIN in a feed is an indication of poor quality protein.
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true
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T/F: Fish meal is used primarily in pig and poultry rations.
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True
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T/F: Soybean meal is teh most widely used high protein feed in the USA
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True
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T/F: Supplemental fat increases the energy density of the feed.
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True
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T/F: Alfalfa requires more nitrogen fertilization than Bahiagrass.
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False
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T/F: Bermudagrass is a perennial summer grass grown primarily in the Northern States of the USA.
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False
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Needs of animals for minerals:
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1.) Tissue growth and repair (bones, teeth, hair, hoofs, blood cells. 2.) Body Regulations (components of vitamins, muscle stimulation, form enzymes/hormones) 3.) Milk Production
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Name five Micro-minerals:
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Cobalt, Copper, Fluorine, Iodine, Selenium
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Sodium (Na) & Chlorine (Cl) function:
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formation of digestive juices (HCl), control of body fluid pH
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Sodium deficiency can result in?
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vomiting, diarrhea, profuse sweating
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Regulation of Sodium:
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Aldosterone controls plasma sodium.
Plasma Na drops, ant. pituitary releases ACTH, which stimulates the adrenal cortex, aldosterone is released and targets the kidney |
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ACTH
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Adrenalcorticotropic Hormone, secreted by anterior pituitary gland
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Calcium function:
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needed for bone and teeth formation, needed for milk and egg production
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Why are Ca requirements higher for a laying hen?
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due to the Ca needed for egg production
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Calcium regulation:
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PTH dependent: low blood Ca will lead to PTH going up and D3 absorption: absorption of gut increases and mobilization of Ca from bone increases.
High blood Ca, will lead to low PTH, absorption going down and mobilization decrease |
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Milk Fever (definition)
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A calcium deficiency in female cows, goats, etc., that have just produced young.
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Milk Fever (causes)
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Inadequate efficiency of absorption from GIT, delay between hormonal stimulation and actual Ca release. (Inadequate efficiency, Inadequate intake)
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Calcium absorption increases _____ hours after Vit D3 stimulation and mobilization occurs ____ hours after stimulation by _____
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24, 48, PTH and Vitamin D3
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PTH
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Perathyroid Hormone
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Phosphorous function
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bone and teeth formation
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Name macrominerals
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Ca, Na & Cl, P, Mg, K, S
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Magnesium function: (macro)
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necessary for many enzyme systems, necessary for proper functioning of nervous system
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Grass tetany:
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Mg deficiency
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Potassium function (macro)
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osmotic regulation, rumen digestion
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Potassium deficiency
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under normal conditions, deficiency is unlikely and symptoms are rather non-specific
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Sulfur function (macro)
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component of the amino acids cystine and methionine adn the vitamins Biotin and thiamine, needed for wool production
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Iron function (micro)
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necessary for hemoglobin formation,
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Iron deficiency
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low hemoglobin, labored breathing, listlessness, flabby skin, smaller size
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Iodine function (micro)
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production of thyroxine (thyroid)
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Cobalt function (micro)
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component of Vit. B12 molecule, serves in rumen synthesis
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Copper function (micro)
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iron absorption
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Fluorine function (micro)
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reduces the incidence of dental caries in humans and possibly other animals, possibly delays osteoporosis
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Manganese function (micro)
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influences estrus, ovulation, fetal development, udder development, milk production, growth and skeletal development
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Molybdenum function (micro)
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stimulates the actions of rumen organisms
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Selenium function (micro)
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Vitamin E absorption
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Selenium deficiency
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Forages in SE coastal area, New England States, Great Lake States adn coastal NW are deficient, similar to Vit E deficiency, estrus failure, paralysis, retained placenta in cows, low fertility, liver nerosis
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Zinc function (micro)
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prevents parakeratosis (skin malformation), promotes general growth
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Water soluble vitamins
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C and B (quickly turned over)
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Fat Soluble vitamins
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A, D, E, D
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Most, if not all ______ vitamins can be synthesized in the rumen, in amounts that will meet requirements.
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B & K
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Vitamin A, basic functions:
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essential for health of epithelial cells, functions in eyesight and bone formation
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Vitamin A deficiency & sources:
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night blindness, whole milk, not found in plants
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Carotene function:
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precursor of Vitamin A
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Vitamin D types:
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D2 (ergocalciferol) D3 (cholecalciferol)
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Vitamin D functions:
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calcium absorption and Ca & P metabolism
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Vit D2 and PTH (parathyroid hormone) go ______ when ____ goes down
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up, calcium
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Vitamin D deficiency:
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poor growth, rickets, osteomalecia, milk fever
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Vitamin E function:
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antioxidants, metabolic regulator of cell nucleus
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Vitamin E deficiency:
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muscular dystrophy, destroyed in the presence of rancid fat
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utilization of Vit E is dependent on:
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selenium
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Vitamin K function
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essential for prothrombin formation and blood clotting, Ca binding and bone formation
K = coagulation |
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Vitamin K deficiency:
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prolonged clotting time
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General info on water soluble vitamins:
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not stored in body tissue, must have constant daily supply, effects on body usually immediate, Vit C is destroyed by cooking.
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Vitamin B1 (_____) function:
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Thiamin: coenzyme in energy metabolism.
Limited intestinal synthesis |
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Vitamin B2 (______) function:
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Riboflavin: serves in several enzyme systems related to energy and protein metabolism
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Unavailable versus deficient:
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unavailable means it's there, but can't be utilized, deficient means there is none there
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Vitamin B3 (______) function:
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Niacin: serves in enzyme systems related to carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism
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Vitamin B5 (______) function:
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Pantothenic Acid: serves as part of coenzyme A
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Vitamin B5 deficiency:
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goose stepping in pigs
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Biotin function:
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acts in enzyme systems related to CO2 fixation and decarboxylation. Serves in fat synthesis
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Biotin deficiency:
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fatty livers
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Vitamin B6 (_____) function:
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Pyridoxine: made in rumen: acts as coenzyme in amino acid and essential fatty acid metabolism
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Vitamin B12 (_____) function:
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Cyanocobalamin: involved in red blood cell maturation
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_____ was originally referred to as the "animal protein factor."
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Vitamin B12
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____ is essential for B12 synthesis.
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Cobalt
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Folic Acid (Folate) function:
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transfer of single Carbon units in various biochemical reactions
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Choline function:
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transmethylation, movement of methyl group
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Vitamin C function:
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formation and maintenance of collagenous inter-cellular material (not required in animal feed)
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Definition of Maintenance:
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feed required to adequately support and animal doing no non-vital work, making no growth, developing no fetus or yielding no products. (keep animal alive and healthy from day to day)
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T/F; Requirement energy for maintenance must be met first.
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True
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Maintenance requirements:
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energy for vital functions, heat to maintain body temp, protein to repair body tissue, mineral to replace mineral loss, vtiamins, water, fatty acids (LA, ALA)
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ALA vs LA
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alpha linolenic acid, linoleic acid
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Growth:
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increase in muscle, bone, organs and connective tissues. (requires: Ca and P and Vitamin D)
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Fattening:
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deposition of unused energy in teh form of fat within eh body tissues. (abdominal, intramuscular) (requires energy - starch, sugar) high grain = high fattening
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Milk Production
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secretion of the mammary glands after partition. (requires: protein, Ca, P, Vit A & D)
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Wool Production
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wool consists of wool fiber and Yolk (or grease) (requires Sulfur and Potassium
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Advantages of grinding hay vs Disadvantages of grinding hay
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Advantage: encourage consumption
Disadvantage: ground too finely can reduce bulk value, increases cost |
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Advantages of pelleting feeds vs Disadvantages of pelleting feeds
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Advantages: less dusty, more palatable, more consumption, reduces storage space.
Disadvantage: adds to the cost of feed |
