Animal Nutrition Exam 1

Front 1

Salivary ____ acts on starch to produce____.

Back 1

amylase, maltose (disaccharide)

Front 2

Salivary _____ acts on maltose to produce ______.

Back 2

maltase, glucose

Front 3

glucose-glucose =

Back 3

maltose

Front 4

chymosin

Back 4

curdles milk (usually in young cattle so it stays longer in the stomach_

Front 5

Gastric ____ acts on proteins to produce ______

Back 5

pepsin, oligopeptides

Front 6

Pepsin secreted by

Back 6

Chief Cells

Front 7

amylases act on:

Back 7

starch to produce disaccharides

Front 8

peptidases act on:

Back 8

proteins to produce oligopeptides

Front 9

lipases act on:

Back 9

fats to produce fatty acids, glycerol and monoglycerides

Front 10

intestinal peptidases act on:

Back 10

oligopeptides to produce amino acids

Front 11

Disaccharidases:

Back 11

maltase, sucrase, lactase

Front 12

maltase, sucrase and lactase act on disaccharides to produce:

Back 12

glucose, fructose and galactose

Front 13

CCK (cholyscystokinin)

Back 13

stimulates gallbladder to contract and releases digestion enzymes. (is a hormone)

Front 14

Polypeptides are ____ soluble

Back 14

water

Front 15

Steroids are _____ soluble

Back 15

fat

Front 16

only molecules that are ______ ______ can enter the cell

Back 16

fat soluble

Front 17

Insulin will prevent ______

Back 17

glycogenolysis

Front 18

Glucagon and Epinephrine favor _____

Back 18

glycogenolysis

Front 19

DNA to MRNA =

Back 19

transcription (nucleus)

Front 20

MRNA to Protein =

Back 20

Translation (cytoplasm)

Front 21

Gastrin:

Back 21

stimulates acid secretion, stimulates release of: peptides, amino acids

Front 22

Secretin:

Back 22

stimulates pancreatic bicarbonate secretion. stimulates release of fat.

Front 23

Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (GIP)

Back 23

stimulates insulin release

Front 24

Somatostatin:

Back 24

inhibits acid secretion

Front 25

Histamine:

Back 25

stimulates gastric acid secretion

Front 26

DM and CP

Back 26

Dry Matter, Crude Protein

Front 27

CF and EE

Back 27

Crude Fiber and Ether Extract

Front 28

ADF and NDF

Back 28

Acid Detergent Fiber and Neutral Detergent Fiber

Front 29

ADF has ____ and NDF does not:

Back 29

hemicellulose

Front 30

ADIN, TDN and NFE

Back 30

Acid Detergent Insoluble Nitrogen, Total Digestible Nutrients and Nitrogen Free Extract

Front 31

calculation for NFE:

Back 31

100 - (Moisture + CP + EE + CF + Ash)

Front 32

Multiply N by ___ to get % CP

Back 32

6.25

Front 33

Difference between NDF and ADF

Back 33

ADF removes hemicellulose

Front 34

example of NDF

Back 34

plant cell wall components

Front 35

Lignin:

Back 35

has no nutritional value to animals

Front 36

DM basis is what percentage ?

Back 36

100%

Front 37

Air Dry basis is what percentage?

Back 37

90%

Front 38

As fed basis percentage is?

Back 38

20-100% water, depends on feedstuff

Front 39

When converting to "As-Fed" to DM, nutrient concentration will _____, weight will ____

Back 39

go up, go down

Front 40

when converting DM to As-Fed, nutrient concentration will ____ and weight will _____.

Back 40

go down, go up

Front 41

To change PPM to %:

Back 41

divide by 10,000 (move decimal 4 places to the right)
50,000 ppm = 5%
6% = 60,000ppm

Front 42

mg/kg is:

Back 42

the same as mg/million mg or PPM

Front 43

mg/lb =

Back 43

1lb = 453,600mg, so same as 453,600 mg

Front 44

convert mg/lb to PPM

Back 44

multiply by 2.205

Front 45

convert mg/lb to %

Back 45

multiply by 2.205, then divide by 10,000

Front 46

convert PPM to mg/lb

Back 46

divide by 2.205

Front 47

convert % to mg/lb

Back 47

multiply by 10,000, divide by 2.205

Front 48

In vivo:

Back 48

in the animal

Front 49

In situ:

Back 49

local (example, the cannula)

Front 50

In vitro:

Back 50

in glass/lab

Front 51

TDN is derived by adding together:

Back 51

DCP (digestible crude protein), DCF (digestible crude fiber), Digestible NFE, Digestible Crude Fat (EE x 2.25)

Front 52

Lipids have ____ x the energy value of an equal weight of carbohydrate and protein.

Back 52

2.25

Front 53

What does TDN not include:

Back 53

digestible mineral matter (ash)

Front 54

Feeds high in fat will sometimes exceed 100% because:

Back 54

digestible fat is multiplied by 2.25

Front 55

Unless the DM of a feed is ____, it can have no TDN value

Back 55

digestible, so foods high in fiber are low in digestibility and have low TDN

Front 56

more digestible fat _____ the TDN value

Back 56

higher

Front 57

Energy Disposition:

Back 57

Gross Energy (fecal energy) --- Digestible Energy (urinary and gas energy) ---- Metabolizable energy (heat increment) --- Net energy (available for animal)

Front 58

Net Energy:

Back 58

portion of metabolizable energy that may be used for work, growth, fattening, fetal development, milk production and/or maintenance.

Front 59

ME-HI (heat increment) =

Back 59

NE (net energy)

Front 60

Carbohydrates contain ___ ___ and ___, with ___ and ___ in the same proportion as H2O.

Back 60

C, H, O, H O

Front 61

The main source of energy for an animal:

Back 61

carbohydrates

Front 62

Simple sugar formula

Back 62

C6H12O6

Front 63

formed in plants by:

Back 63

photosynthesis:

Front 64

Glucose is a _______ and is found primarily in:

Back 64

monosaccharide: syrup and blood

Front 65

Glucose is sometimes referred to as:

Back 65

dextrose

Front 66

Fructose is found in: ______ and ____ and is the _______ of all sugars.

Back 66

ripe fruits and honey: sweetest

Front 67

Galactose is found in

Back 67

Milk

Front 68

Disaccharides all have the formula:

Back 68

C12H22O11, formed by two monosaccharides

Front 69

Sucrose:

Back 69

disaccharide, hydrolyzed by glucose and fructose. Has alpha 1-4 bond.

Front 70

Maltose

Back 70

disaccharide, hydrolyzed to glucose by maltase.

Front 71

Lactose:

Back 71

disaccharide: hydrolyzed by lactase to glucose and galactose.

Front 72

Oligosaccharides:

Back 72

short chains of monosaccharides, < 10

Front 73

Polysaccharides:

Back 73

complex carbohydrates with chemical formula of: C6H10O5

Front 74

Polysaccharide: Starch:

Back 74

major plant storage form of glucose. Occurs as Amylose (straight chains) and Amylopectin (highly branched). Have α 1-4 bonds, which are hydrolyzed by amylases

Front 75

Polysaccharides broken down to ____ broken down to ____ broken down to ____ before digestion

Back 75

oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides

Front 76

Glycogen: Polysaccharide:

Back 76

sometimes referred to as "animal starch". Produced by the liver and is the PRIMARY CARBOHYDRATE RESERVE IN ANIMALS.

Front 77

Glycogen is hydrolyzed entirely to

Back 77

glucose

Front 78

Pancreatic amylases do not work on:

Back 78

α 1-4 bonds

Front 79

Polysaccharide: Hemicellulose:

Back 79

lies chemically between starch and cellulose. More digestible than cellulose, but less digestible than sugars and starch

Front 80

Polysaccharide: Cellulose:

Back 80

principal constituent of cell wall of plants. Low in digestibility. Linked by β 1-4 bonds (only digestible by ruminants and hind gut fermenters).

Front 81

Cellulose is hydrolyzed to:

Back 81

glucose

Front 82

Polysaccharide:Lignin:

Back 82

not a true carbohydrate. Too much C, H and O are not in right proportion. Found in overmature hays

Front 83

Differences between Large and Small Intestine absorption of Carbohydrates: Type of digestion:

Back 83

Large: microbial
Small: enzymatic

Front 84

Differences between Large and Small Intestine absorption of Carbohydrates: End product

Back 84

Large: VFA's
Small: glucose

Front 85

Differences between Large and Small Intestine absorption of Carbohydrates: Absorption:

Back 85

Large: passively diffused into bloodstream
Small: absorbed using ATP

Front 86

VFA's are absorbed in the:

Back 86

rumen NOT small intestine

Front 87

Ruminants do not have this enzyme:

Back 87

salivary amylase

Front 88

Pancreatic amylase:

Back 88

hydroyzes α 1-4 bonds, produces monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides

Front 89

Digestion in the small intestine is mediated by enzymes lining the :

Back 89

brush border region

Front 90

Disaccharides are converted by ______ enzymes to monosaccharides

Back 90

brush border

Front 91

sucrose broken down by ______ to _______ and _______

Back 91

sucrase, glucose and fructose

Front 92

Maltose broken down by _______ to ________ and _________

Back 92

maltase, glucose and glucose

Front 93

Lactose broken down by _______ to ________ and ________

Back 93

lactase, glucose and galactose

Front 94

Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA's)

Back 94

Propionate, Butyrate and Acetate

Front 95

Cellulase is capable of hydrolyzing _________

Back 95

β 1-4 linkages (like in cellulose that hind gut and ruminants eat)

Front 96

Monosaccharides are absorbed primarily in the:

Back 96

duodenum and jejunum

Front 97

SGLT

Back 97

sodium dependent glucose transporter - found in intestinal lumen

Front 98

GLUT2

Back 98

facilitated glucose transporter (across plasma membranes)

Front 99

Insulin influences:

Back 99

rate of transport

Front 100

In ruminants: most carbohydrates are fermented by:

Back 100

microbes before they are exposed to gastric and small intestine enzymes

Front 101

In ruminants: almost all carbohydrates are fermented in the:

Back 101

rumen

Front 102

Cellulolytic Bacteria: prefer ____ pH

Back 102

prefer 6-7 pH, use N as NH3, produce Acetate, propionate and little butyrate and CO2. Predominate in animals fed high roughage diets

Front 103

Amylolytic Bacteria

Back 103

digest starch, prefer pH 5-6, utilize N as NH3 or peptides, produce propionate, butyrate and sometimes lactate. Predominate in animals fed grain diets

Front 104

Ruminant small intestine:

Back 104

secrete digestive enzymes, digestive secretions from pancreas and liver, further digestion of carbs,end product glucose

Front 105

Ruminant Cecum and Large intestine:

Back 105

Bacterial population ferments the unbabsorbed products of digestion, absorption of H2O and VFA's, end product VFA, passive

Front 106

Carbohydrate digestion rate

Back 106

Sugars (fastest), Starch, Cellulose (slowest)

Front 107

VFA's are absorbed passively from the rumen to portal blood and provide __________

Back 107

70-80% of the ruminants energy needs

Front 108

Acetate:

Back 108

energy and fatty acid synthesis

Front 109

Propionate:

Back 109

energy and gluconeogenic glucose synthesis

Front 110

Butyrate:

Back 110

energy and rumen epithelial cells convert butyrate to ketone

Front 111

Cells use most of the butyrate ______________________

Back 111

for their own energy needs

Front 112

Acetate and Propionate are exported to _______

Back 112

blood

Front 113

High forage diet =

Back 113

high acetate production

Front 114

High grain diet =

Back 114

high propionate production

Front 115

Bicarbonate comes from:

Back 115

saliva --- if fed high grain, less saliva produced, so less bicarbonate and lower pH

Front 116

Propionate is reserved for:

Back 116

gluconeogenesis

Front 117

Acetate is the major substrate for:

Back 117

lipogenesis - hence importance of adequate fiber in dairy diets to maintain milk-fat levels

Front 118

Why is there less fluctuation of glucose in ruminants?

Back 118

eat more constantly, continuous VFA production, continuous digesta flow, continuous gluconeogenesis

Front 119

Glucose may be CATabolized to:

Back 119

pyruvate or lactate by glycolosis

Front 120

Glucose may be POLYmerized and:

Back 120

stored as glycogen in the liver and muscle

Front 121

Glucose may be OXIdized via:

Back 121

pentose-phosphate pathway

Front 122

Glycolosis consists of:

Back 122

10 sequential reactions, that convert glucose to tow molecules of pyruvate

Front 123

aerobic glycolosis

Back 123

pyruvate degraded to H2O and CO2

Front 124

Glycogen is a _____ branched ______ of _______.

Back 124

highly, polymer, glucose

Front 125

In the liver glycogen acts as:

Back 125

a buffer for regulating glucose levels between meals

Front 126

In the muscle glycogen acts as:

Back 126

a store of glucose, rapidly metabolized to provide energy

Front 127

Glycogenesis:

Back 127

blood glucose converted to glycogen

Front 128

_____ is the rate limiting component in golycogenesis

Back 128

glycogen synthase

Front 129

Glycogen Metabolism:
well-fed state

Back 129

glycogen synthesis: increased

Front 130

Glycogen Metabolism:
fasting

Back 130

glycogen synthesis: decreased

Front 131

Glycogen Metabolism:
hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia

Back 131

glycogen synthesis: increased and decreased

Front 132

Glycogen Metabolism:
Elevated insulin:
Elevated Glucagon, Epinephrine and adenosine

Back 132

glycogen synthesis: increased with insulin, decreased with the other three

Front 133

Glycogen Metabolism:
Enzyme phosphorylation: glycogen synthase, glycogen phsphorylase

Back 133

Glycogen synthesis: decreased and increased