Animal Movement

Front 1

What is locomotion?

Back 1

Movement from here to there on different substrates and through different mediums in more than 1 direction at varying speeds

Front 2

What are the 5 basic principles needed for healthy locomotor function?

Back 2

Animals must support thier body weight

Locomotion involves cyclic movement of limbs and cyclic interactions between the body and environment

Locomotor demands vary dramatically with body size

Forces act between the body and the environment and the force requirements depend on the physical medium

Locomotion often involves optimisation of many performance criteria

Front 3

Name 3 selection pressures in regards to locomotion.

Back 3

Environment, morphology and competition

Front 4

Name 5 possible adaptations in regards to locomotion.

Back 4

No. and form of limbs

Relative limb/segment length

Body size

Modes of movement and neural control

Musculo-skeletal design

Front 5

What is flexion?

Back 5

bones move closer together. angle is generally reduced.

Front 6

What is extension?

Back 6

bones move further apart

Front 7

what is plantar flexion?

Back 7

foot/hoof moves towards plantar surface

Front 8

what is plantar extension?

Back 8

foot/hoof moves away from plantar surface

Front 9

What is dorsiflexion?

Back 9

foot/hoof moves towards dorsal surface

Front 10

what is abduction?

Back 10

limb moves away from body

Front 11

what is adduction?

Back 11

limbs move towards body

Front 12

what is the upper limb that undegoes abduction/adduction?

Back 12

shoulder

Front 13

what is the lower limb that undergoes abduction/adduction?

Back 13

hip

Front 14

what is pronation?

Back 14

hand/foot facing downwards

Front 15

what is supination?

Back 15

hand/foot facing upwards (like holding a bowl of soup)

Front 16

what parts of the body undergo pronation/supination?

Back 16

lower arm and anterior foot

Front 17

what is inversion?

Back 17

bottom of foot towards median plane

Front 18

what is eversion?

Back 18

bottom of foot away from median plane

Front 19

what joints undergo inversion/eversion?

Back 19

tarsal joints

Front 20

what are the 3 requirements for locomotion?

Back 20

support body weight

move body centre of mass

oscillate limbs

Front 21

what are ungulates specialists in?

Back 21

endurance and speed

Front 22

give 4 examples of ungulates.

Back 22

camels, horses, zebra, elephants

Front 23

why can ungulates make a swift escape?

Back 23

they have elongated their limbs and evolved from digitigrade to unguligrade

Front 24

discuss the advantages and disadvantages of lightening the distal bone.

Back 24

fusion of bones reduces the no. of bones and muscle is replaced by energy-efficient tendons that act as pulleys and springs. This has minimised the bulk of the limb so the animal can move quicker and using less energy.

Motion is restricted to the sagittal plane which reduces the muscular effort required to stabilise joints but means there is less versatility.

Front 25

what must the vertical GRF equal in order to stop falling over?

Back 25

body weight over a stride

Front 26

what is more dense water or air?

Back 26

water

Front 27

why is locomotion more economical for larger animals?

Back 27

small animals have to cycle their legs more to move the same distance

Front 28

what is inertia?

Back 28

energy required to move a mass