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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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sauropsid |
birds and reptiles "lizard faces" |
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teleosts |
osteiichthyans - neopterygiians - teleostei ray-finned, bony fish. approx. 25000 species |
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amphibian orders |
anoura, urodela, apoda |
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diapsid |
include dinosaurs, modern reptiles, and birds |
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mammal orders |
prototheria - monotremes, metatheria - marsupials, eutheria - placentals, |
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scandentia and macroscelida |
elephant shrews and tree shrews. somewhat genetically similar to apes |
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primate taxonomy |
strepsirhini - lemurs and lorises
haplorhini - modern primates: marmosets and tamarinds, lesser apes, and hominidae |
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sciurognathi |
recent grouping of rabbit-like and squirrel-like rodents |
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hystricognathi |
porcupline-like rodents |
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rodent taxonomy |
hystricognathi - porcupine like
scuirognathi - mouse-like and squirrel-like |
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lepidosaur |
snakes, lizards, and tuataras
overlapping scales |
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chelonia |
turtles and tortoises |
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archosaur |
crocodilians |
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reptilian orders |
chelonia
lepidosauria
archosauria |
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lagomorph taxonomy |
ochotinidae - pikas leponidae - rabbits and hares |
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differences between lagomorphs and rodents |
4 upper jaw incisors
no penis bone
scrotum in front
strictly herbivores with ruminant stomach
coprophagy |
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characteristics of all lagomorphs |
induced ovulation
females tend to be larger than males
360 degree field of view |
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strange mating rituals in leponidae |
mostly in hares, some in rabbits boxing between males and females males urinate on female squeaking during sex |
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differences between hares and rabbits |
rabbits altricial, hares precocial rabbits fast runners, hares very fast some rabbits live in warrens and have female dominance hierarchies no parental care in hares hares monocotuous and rabbits polycotous |
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snowshoe hare |
scentless progeny form beats in their 10-25 acre home range typically 2-4 offspring 4 times a year occasionally cannibalistic population cycles |
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felid taxonomy |
felis - small cats and cougars neofelis - clouded leopard panthera - big cats acinonyx - cheetah |
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bobcat |
generalist live close to people and near the coast like to feed on cottontail rabbits seek woody cover |
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lynx |
specialist live in high elevation boreal forests with lots of snow travel lots
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cougar |
specialist - usually eats deer and sometimes eats smaller herbivores slow reproduction, long gestation, small litters, and it's hard for females to find suitable mates |
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Lamarck's adaptation theory |
adaptive traits develop during an individual's lifetime and are passed on to young |
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Foundations of animal behaviour (Dugatkin) |
Natural selection (species level) Individual learning (individual level) Cultural transmission |
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Microevolution |
small, rapid incremental changes. Occurs in domestication |
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Macroevolution |
Larger scale, throughout isolated gene pools |
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Forces of evolution from least to most important |
Mutations - neutral or detrimental in complex organisms and do not increase recombination Gene flow - determined by biogeography Genetic drift Natural selection |
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Genetic drift effects |
Founder effect - reproductive isolation bottleneck effect -radical reduction in size |
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Ingredients of natural selection |
traits selective agent |
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Recipe of natural selection |
variation, fitness consequences, mode of inheritance, and limited resources |
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fitness subtypes |
direct/Darwinian - individual contribution indirect - interactions between conspecifics inclusive - model includes direct and indirect |
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types of direct fitness |
1. survival value 2. correlated traits 3. sexually selected traits (intrasexual competition and preferred traits) |
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Ethophenes |
Behaviour pattern phenotypes |
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Psychophenes |
Psychological construct phenotypes that cannot be observed |
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Pleiotropy |
One gene yields more than one phenotype |
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Polygeny |
Many genes contribute to a specific phenotype |
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commensalism |
interspecies association |
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mutualism |
interspecies cooperation |
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ESS |
evolutionarily stable strategy. occurs when the strategy cannot be replaced or improved in the current conditions. can be pure or mixed |
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kin selection |
parental care or helping behaviour towards genetic kin |
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levels of selection (high to low) |
selfish gene/Dawkins theory
Sperm competition
individual selection
sexual selection
immediate/extended family selection
group selection |
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Products of evolution |
actual adaptations by products of adaptations noise or random effects |
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how non-adaptive traits are maintained |
gene flow, pleiotropy, linkage, and epistasis |
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progressivism fallacy |
the idea that more complex and evolved organisms are better adapted than simple, ancestral organisms |
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purposivism fallacy |
the idea that evolution has a goal |
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cultural primatology |
the study of cultural traditions in primates. started in Japan |
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challenges to the theory of evolution |
adoption, altruism with non-kin, homosexual behaviour, risk-taking behaviour, and symbiosis |
