Animal Behavior Test 2

Front 1

____________ is the ability of an animal to separate itself from the moment in which it is living and to contemplate the past, predict the future and act accordingly.

Back 1

Cognition

Front 2

How can anthropomorphism be a problem with deciding cognition in animals?

Back 2

If we put human emotions on an animals cognition, we use terms like stupid and smart to determine how smart the animal is.

Front 3

What was learned about elephants and their ability to categorize humans?

Back 3

They are able to categorize humans into subgroups based on the threats that they pose

Front 4

What are some tests for cognition?

Back 4

Mirror test, ability to determine less vs more, ability to forecast the future, computer testing of animals with abstract formula

Front 5

What is the mirror test?

Back 5

Test used to see if an animal identifies itself by looking in the mirror. A mark is placed on the animal and if it touches the mark while looking in the mirror it indicates that the animal recognizes itself.

Front 6

What animals have passed the mirror test?

Back 6

Dolphins, apes, and elephants

Front 7

___________ is an abstract representation of objects, actions and emotions.

Back 7

Language

Front 8

Why do some consider the bee dance not language?

Back 8

The lack of novelty of info communicated and never straying from food sources and nesting sites

Front 9

Why are vervet monkeys considered important?

Back 9

Predator specific alarm calls

Front 10

What is known about tool use in corvid species?

Back 10

Use tools in captivity but not in the wild

Front 11

How is mental time travel different from trial-and-error learning?

Back 11

Mental time travel - similar to mentally preparing yourself to ace a test while trial and error is more like winging it.

Front 12

How have Irene Pepperberg’s experiments changed the way parrots are viewed?

Back 12

Revealed that they can grasp important aspects of number, color concepts, the different between presence and absence, and physical properties of objects such as their shape and material

Front 13

_____________________ is the ability to associate a reward or behavioral consequence with a specific location and time and to use that info to return to the location at the specified time in the future.

Back 13

time-place learning

Front 14

How do stressful situations affect the physiology of an animal?

Back 14

Stressful conditions result in lowered levels of serotonin and other neurotransmitters in the brain

Front 15

_________________ is the transmission of signals from a sender to a receiver.

Back 15

Communication

Front 16

Why do animals communicate?

Back 16

Find a mate, communicate key survival information to offspring, communicate status, need for care or desire to play, alarm when predators or competitors are present, information about location and quality of shelter

Front 17

What are the different modes of communication?

Back 17

Visual, auditory, touch, olfactory, chemical

Front 18

_____________ is communication with oneself.

Back 18

Auto-communication

Front 19

_________ is unwanted information that interferes with signals.

Back 19

Noise

Front 20

How can public information be exploited by other animals?

Back 20

Males doing displays, vocalizing, or scent marking to attract a mate may also make themselves more noticed by predators or alert other males that there are breedable females in the area.

Front 21

_____________ is the association, through evolution, of a meaning with a signal.

Back 21

Ritualization

Front 22

__________________ is the evolutionary reduction of the variation of a signal so that its meaning is more easily understood.

Back 22

Stereotypy

Front 23

________________ is the use of multiple signals that have the same meaning.

Back 23

Redundancy

Front 24

What are the advantages of chemical communication?

Back 24

They work well in dark environments and are not impeded by obstacles, they may linger in the environment or travel large distances, they are usually inexpensive to produce.

Front 25

What are the disadvantages of chemical communication?

Back 25

Slow and uncertain dispersal relative to visual or auditory signals, difficult conveying complex information with a molecule, noise is not a problem, likely sources of interference would be similar species in the same environment.

Front 26

How does the medium affect the transmission of an audible signal?

Back 26

In air, sound travels at 334m/sec (@ 20* C), in surface ocean water, it is 1,520m/sec, in soil and rock, 13,000m/sec. Will depend on density of substrate as well as salinity of water.

Front 27

What is the SOFAR channel?

Back 27

Sound Fixing and Ranging channel - found in some ocean depths where cold temperatures and moderate pressures yield ideal conditions for transmission.

Front 28

What is the difference between ultrasound and infrasound?

Back 28

Infrasound - below 50hz and travels well in ground or water and travel farther

Ultrasound - sound above 20,000hz and has shorter wavelengths

Front 29

What are the four common sound production mechanisms?

Back 29

Vibrating a drum-like membrane, stridulating using a file and scraper, vibrating a membrane in airflow, and hitting a substrate

Front 30

What are the advantages of echolocation?

Back 30

Relatively little energy to produce, because of short wavelength, more likely to bounce back, which is needed for echolocation, Dissipate rapidly, reducing confusion with “old” sounds that could still be bouncing around an area.

Front 31

______________ is when males sing to demonstrate their strength compared to other males or to attract females to their territory.

Back 31

Chorusing

Front 32

What are the disadvantages of chorusing?

Back 32

Auditory confusion may result for the female, Some females have evolved to selectively listen to a nearby subsample of males, Honest signals can be circumvented, Increasing proximity to a trilling male, a chirping male may intercept a female.

Front 33

What are the three categories of visual signals?

Back 33

Pattern, color, and bioluminescence

Front 34

When it comes to color, what is the difference between the reds, yellows and oranges versus the blues and greens?

Back 34

Blues and greens are almost always structural while red, yellows, and oranges tend to indicate fitness for mating

Front 35

When are electrical signals used for communication?

Back 35

When visual communication is not possible. Strongly electric fish predominantly use their electricity for predation and defense and weakly electric fish use electricity for signals and electrolocation.

Front 36

What is an example of a multi-modal signal?

Back 36

coloration in male birds that are singing a song (both attract a female)

Front 37

__________________ involve utilizing 2 or more modes of communication to get the same message across.

Back 37

Multi-modal communication

Front 38

How was bee language confirmed?

Back 38

Robotic bees were used to communicate with the hive

Front 39

What are EPCs?

Back 39

Extrapair copulations - Monogamous animal mates with another animal (cheaters)

Front 40

What is the satellite male strategy?

Back 40

Satellite males will lurk near calling males, intercept females and attempt or successfully breed with her.

Front 41

______________ occurs when traits in one sex are magnified beyond any reasonable scale as a result of preference by the opposite sex for large, loud, or bright signals.

Back 41

Runaway sexual selection

Front 42

When is interspecific communication used?

Back 42

Mutualistic relationship between predator and prey animals to ensure that the prey is not injured in helping the predator (cleaner fish going into mouth of much larger fish) and as repellent or defensive (rattlesnake rattling tail, the color red, and stripes on bees and wasps)

Front 43

___________ is guided movement from one location to another, typically using a compass or landmarks.

Back 43

Navigation

Front 44

______________ indicates movement in a given direction.

Back 44

Orientation

Front 45

__________________ is the ability to to track an outward path and to calculate the shortest possible path back to the starting location.

Back 45

Path integration

Front 46

How does genetics play a role in habitat or shelter preference?

Back 46

IF, the best shelter remains in the same location generation after generation or if the same migratory route works well over evolutionary time THEN, if the appropriate genetic variation exists, natural selection may favor coding this info into the species’ DNA.

Front 47

How do animals use landmarks to navigate?

Back 47

Orientation

Front 48

What are the compasses animals use?

Back 48

Most rely on the earth's magnetic field, sun, moon or stars to establish frame of reference

Front 49

What is idiothetic?

Back 49

Applied to information concerning its orientation in an environment that is obtained by an animal by reference to a previous orientation of its body, and without external spatial clues

Front 50

What is the difference between simultaneous stereopsis and sequential stereopsis?

Back 50

Simultaneous stereopsis is binocular vision and sequential stereopsis is the movement of the head from side to side

Front 51

__________ involves changes in speed of movement without orientation to a stimulus source.

Back 51

Kineses

Front 52

__________ involves changes in direction of movements that are oriented to a stimulus source.

Back 52

Taxes

Front 53

__________________ is when each change of direction is balanced by a movement in the opposite direction when it becomes possible to do so.

Back 53

Counter turning

Front 54

How are pigeons able to find their way home again?

Back 54

learn visual features of the landscape and use these to determine their current position relative to their roost and In new locations, landmarks cannot be used and the pigeons use olfaction to produce a map.

Front 55

_____________ involves the seasonal movement of animals or their descendants between two location.

Back 55

Migration

Front 56

______________ is a one-way movement, usually by offspring.

Back 56

Dispersal

Front 57

What is an animal's odometer?

Back 57

Distance traveled

Front 58

What bird has the longest migration?

Back 58

Arctic Tern

Front 59

______________ is where an animal will eat a portion of itself in order to survive.

Back 59

Autophagy

Front 60

What is zugunruhe?

Back 60

Migratory restlessness

Front 61

______________ is when large groups of animals have offspring around the same time.

Back 61

Swamping

Front 62

_______________ are temporary movement of individuals associated with irregular food supplies.

Back 62

Irruptions

Front 63

______________ are permanent movements of animals into new areas.

Back 63

Invasions

Front 64

What are the 4 categories of fish migration?

Back 64

Catadromous, Anadromous, Oceanodromus, and Potadromous

Front 65

What is Catadromous in relation to fish migration?

Back 65

Beginning in saltwater, maturing in freshwater, spawning in saltwater (European Eel)

Front 66

What is Anadromous in relation to fish migration?

Back 66

Fish that migrate from open ocean upstream to fresh rivers for spawning. (Salmon)

Front 67

What is Oceanodromous in relation to fish migration?

Back 67

Have length migrations that are usually tied to prey movements (tuna)

Front 68

What is Potadromous in relation to fish migration?

Back 68

Move from deep, slow moving lakes or rivers to shallower, faster moving streams for spawning then return "home" to complete life cycle (Carp, catfish, garpike, etc.)

Front 69

What is the difference between the migration of the monarch and that of the locust?

Back 69

Locusts are dynamic migrators and monarchs are homeostatic migrators

Front 70

What is the difference in dispersal in males versus females?

Back 70

Males tend to disperse in order to move away from same sex rivals they cant subdue and to avoid inbreeding and females are less likely to disperse

Front 71

What are the reasons for dispersal?

Back 71

Competition dispersal, kin competition avoidance, infanticide vs. dispersal, inbreeding avoidance, dispersal for colonization

Front 72

What influences an animal to hunt?

Back 72

The presence of preferred prey, the presence of competitors, energy needs as reflected in the presence of cubs or hunger level, cover availability, and time of day

Front 73

What are the feeding strategies of leaf-cutter ants?

Back 73

Feed the cellulose to a fungus that breaks down the cellulose, then the ants eat the fungus

Front 74

What are the feeding strategies of termites?

Back 74

Anus-to-mouth feeding to pass microbes to each other

Front 75

List the different feeding styles.

Back 75

Herbivore - plant eaters, Carnivore - meat eaters, Saprophages - scavengers, Frugivore - fruit eaters, Piscivore - fish eaters, Hematophagy/sanguivores - blood eaters

Front 76

What is the difference between the social lives of browsers and grazers?

Back 76

Browsers - Tend to live in smaller groups, do not migrate or hibernate, males and females tend to be apart except during the breeding season

Grazers - migrate to follow the vegetation and tend to live in unimale or multimale herds

Front 77

What are some plant defenses?

Back 77

Indigestible leaves, spines, thorns, stinging hairs, and poisons

Front 78

What is a doodlebug?

Back 78

Larvae that sit-and-wait by living in a burrow with their head blocking the entrance

Front 79

What is a stabilimentum?

Back 79

A more densely webbed, opaque center of a web

Front 80

What are the similarities between Mast and Swamping?

Back 80

Mast is in plants and swamping is in animals - both involve offspring/seedlings being born/dispersed at the same time

Front 81

What is the parasitic life cycle?

Back 81

intermediate host where larvae grow and a final host where adults lay eggs to continue the cycle

Front 82

What are some adaptations sanguivores or hematophagers have?

Back 82

hatpin teeth, natural clot busters, and pain deadeners

Front 83

How do some animals compensate for low sodium in their diets?

Back 83

Sweat bees will lick the sweat off of people and moose spend extra time foraging for water plants that are rich and sodium

Front 84

What makes prey choice optimal?

Back 84

E (energy) P=E/H or S

H (handling time) P1=E1/(S1+H1)

S (search time) E2/H2>E1/(S1+H1)

P (profit)

Front 85

What is Kleptoparasitism?

Back 85

Stealing food from other animals

Front 86

What are the two kinds of aggression?

Back 86

predatory aggression (chasing down and killing prey to eat) and emotional or affective aggression (everything else).

Front 87

What is the difference between slow and fast fear?

Back 87

Slow fear’s physical path through the brain is longer than that of fast fear. Fast fear is the initial response that only takes 12 milliseconds to process and causes the initial reacting to something scary while the slow fear takes 24 milliseconds and causes a second jolt of fear from the same information.

Front 88

What does the frontal lobe do for a fearful situation?

Back 88

Frontal lobes are the brakes. They tamp down the amygdala causing less stress hormones to be produced by the pituitary. Frontal lobe provides language which is used by people to talk themselves out of fear.

Front 89

What is the difference between primary and secondary reinforcers?

Back 89

Primary reinforcers include anything the animal natural wants such as food, water, or shelter while secondary reinforcers have to be conditioned in order for the the animal to want them.

Front 90

What can the amount of defecation tell you about the mental health of an animal?

Back 90

level of fear stress.

Front 91

What are the two camps about animal communication?

Back 91

People who think human language and animal communication are two separate and distinct things

People who think human language and animal communication are on the same spectrum.

Front 92

What was found to be similar between whale song and human music?

Back 92

Humpback whale songs contain repeating refrains the same way humans songs do, and some whale songs rhyme for the reason people do, which is that rhymes help you remember what comes next in your poem or song.