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60 Cards in this Set

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  • Back
How did Roeder propose that the mantis's nervous system sorts out its options?
Inhibitory relationships among an assortment of command centers within its neural network.
What happens in the mantis with one segmental ganglion's connections are cut from the rest of hte nervous yssteM?
The muscles within the neurally isolated segment subsequently fail to react when the mantis's nervous system becomes active elsewhere
How are ganglion kept quiet until they are specifically ordered into action?
Certain brian cells are responsible for inhibiting neural activity in the segmental ganglia, keepin gcells in a ganglion quiet until they are specifically ordered into action by an excitatory command center in the brain.
What happens when the connection is cut between the inhibitory brain cells and the segmental ganglia?
Removes inhibition and induces inappropriat, conflicting repsonses.
What happened when Roeder severed the connections between the protocerebral ganglion, (the mantis's brain), and the rest of its nervous system?
He produced an insect that walked and grasped simultaneously, something that would be disastrous in nature
What does the protocerebral ganglion apparently do?
Makes certain that an intact mantis either walks or grasps, but does not do both at exactly the same time
What happened when Roeder removed the entire mantis head?
Eliminated the subesophageal ganlion as well as the protocerebral ganglion ~ mantis became immobile. He could induce single, irrelevant movements by poking the creature sharply, but nothing more.
What happens when certain sensory signals reach the protocerebral ganglion?
Neurons there stop inhibiting certain modules in the subesophageal gnaglion. Freed from suppression, these subesophageal neurons send excitatory messages to various segmental ganglia, where new signals are generated that order muscles to take specific actions.
How does a headless adult male move?
Performs a series of rotary movements that swing its body sideways in a circle.
Why does a headless male produce rotary movements that swing its body in a circle?
Male mantis sometimes loses his head over a female, when she grabs him and consumes him, head first. Even under these difficult circumstnaces, the male can still copulate with his cannibalistic partner. His legs carry what is left of him in a circular path until his body touches the female's, at which point he climbs onto her back and twists his abdomen down to copulate competently.
Describe the digestive process in blowflies.
During the night, the nutrients collected in the day's meals are metabolized to provide energy for the insect. In the morning, the blowfly flies off to seek additional food, which it locates in part by small and in part by tasting with its feet when it happens to step into a fluid.
Wat are the speed at which a fluid is sucked up in a blowfly and the duration of feeding proportional to?
The concentration of sugar in the fluid
What happens when recurrent nerve is severed in the blowfly?
Eliminates feedback to the brain about the fullness of the crop and eliminates the signals that eventually block feeding in a blowfly whose stomach and crop are full.
What is a free-running sysle?
A cycle of activity that is not matched to environmental cues.
What are environment-independent free running systems called?
Circadian rhythms
What does it mean to entrain a system?
Reset the system each day so that it begins at the same time in relation to light-out
In which system, (environment-dependent or -independent), are biological closk found?
Both
What is a biological clock set by?
Set on a cycle that is not exactly 24 hours long, and an environment-activated devise that synchronizes the clock with local light conditions
What happens if one cuts the nerve carrying sensory information from the eyes of a male cricket to the optic lobes of his brain?
The cricket enters a free-running cycle.
What is it important for the nervous system to balance?
Risk against reproductive opportunity
What would happen if a male's only courtship behavior was aggression?
Females will not mate unless this early aggressive display is followed by a calmer display called nest soliciting
What are the different effects of estrogen and testosterone in the dove courtship process.
Testosterone increases the likelihood of chase-strutting, whereas the hormone estrogen facilitates nest soliciting.
How does the male ring dove get its sexual activities, (chase-strutting and nest soliciting), in the right order?
Produces an enzyme, aromatase, which catalyzes the conversion of testosterone to estrogen, enabling the male ring dove to switch from strutting to nest soliciting in the proper sequence
What are the three classes of mechanisms that carry out an individuals' behavioral functions?
1. Neural command centers that communicate with one another
2. Clocks that schedule the activity of these command centers
3. Hormonal systems that track changing physical and social environments and adjust the priorities of competing command centers
What are command centers?
Innate releasing mechanisms, central pattern generators, song control systems, and the like that are responsible for activating a particular response
IF one separates both optic lobes from the rest of the brian in a cricket, what happens?
The calling cycle breaks down completely; the cricket will now cal with equal probability at any time of the day.
What is the suprachiasmatic nucleus, (SCN)?
A pair of hypothalamic neural clusters that receive inputs from nerves originating in the retina; contains a master clock or pacemaker that is critical for maintaining circadian rhythms
What happens if arrhythmic hamsters receive transplants of SCN tissue from fetal hamsters?
Sometimes regain their circadian rhythms, but not if the tissue transplants come from other parts of the fetal hamster brain
What does the per gene code for?
Codes for a protein, (PER), whose production varies over a 24-hour schedule in concert with that of the product of another mammalian gene called tau.
What type of animals have the per gene?
Humans, hamsters, rats, fruit flies, and honey bees
Do young honey bees have a lot of PER?
No, because they generally remain within the hive to care for eggs and larvae
What are 3 properties of the prokineticin 2, (PK2), protein?
1. The molecule that relays the clock's inormation ought to be secreted by the SCN
2. There should be receptor proteins fro that chemical messenger in cells of the target tissues
3. Experimental administration of the chemical messenger should disrupt the normal timing of an animal's behavior
What is the PK2 protein produced by?
The SCN
What happens if one injects PK2 into the brain of white rats during the night, when the animals are normally active?
The behavior of these animals changes dramatically; instead of running in their running wheel, they sleep, shifting to daytime activity instead
What is PK2 used as?
Chemical messenger that the mammalian SCN uses to communicate with target centers in the brain so that they can control the animals' behavior in keeping with a 24-hour schedule.
What is the adaptive value of the environment-independent component of the clock system?
Enables individuals to alter the timing of their behavioral and physiological cycles without having to constantly check the environment to see what time it is.
Give an example of a species that lacks a circadian rhythm.
Naked mole rats
What do naked mole rats do in place of circadian rhythm activity?
Individuals scatter generally brief episodes of activity among longer periods of inactivity, with the pattern changing irregularly from day to day.
What is the cycle of a circannual rhythm?
Runs on an approximately 365-day cycle
What is the photoperiod?
The number of hours of light in a 24-hour period
What happens if stonechats are placed in a constant environment?
Still exhibited an annual reproductive cycle, but one that shifted out of phase with that of their Kenya compatriots over time
What happened when squirrels were held in constant darkness and at a constant temperature?
Nevertheless entered hibernation at certain times year after year
How does the banner-tailed kangaroo regulate its activity?
The lunar cycle
When do kangaroo rats come out of their burrows? Why?
Usually come out of their underground burrows only at night when the moon was not shining, because their predators prey more easily in moonlight
What does a sparrow's ability to change their physiology and behavior depend on?
Their capacity to detect changes in the photoperiod, which grows longer as spring advances in temperate North America
Sparrows under which experimental regime experienced testicular growth? Why?
Those under the 8L:28D experimental regime, because the light period was out of phase with a 24-hour cycle
What happens to birds if the photoperiod is longer than 14 or 15 hours?
Light will reach the bird's brain during the photosensitive phase, initiating a series of hormonal changes that lead to the development of its reproductive equipment and the drive to reproduce
Did birds under the 8L:16D cycle experience testicular growth?
No
What appears to be the primary determinant of breeding in crossbills?
Food intake
If crossbills had as much food as they could possibly want, do their testes shrink?
Shrink October through December, even when the birds had all the seed they could want
What happens after a male house mouse mounts a female and ejaculates?
He immediately becomes highly aggressive toward mouse pups, killing any he finds. For almost 3 weeks after mating, he is likely to commit infanticide, but after that time, he becomes more and more likely to protect any young pups he encounters. When about 7 weeks have passed since ejaculation, he becomes infanticidal once again.
What can have an effect on the absolute amount of time that passes before the male makes the transition from killer to caregiver?
A timing device registers the number of light-dark cycles that have occurred since mating indicating when the mouse should transition from killer to caregiver.
WHat happens hormonally when a male chichlid fish is ousted from his mate-attracting territory?
A change in gonadotropin-releasing hormone production contributes to reductions in his aggressiveness, the size of his testes, and his efforts to reproduce
What is the associated reproductive pattern?
Hormonal organizations of reproductive often involves coordinated changes in gamete production and in sexual activity
If a male sparrow without testes is exposed to long photoperiods, will he still act sexually?
yes, he will mount females that solicit copulations
When do testosterone concentrations fall in most species?
Outside the breeding season or after the likelihood of territorial challenges subsides
What is the point of lowering testosterone levels?
Hormone comes with a price; interferes with the immune system

In some species, males with higher testosterone levels are less likely to survive than those with more modest concentrations of the hormone in their blood.
Why do red-sided garter snakes aggregate?
Males compete for females by trying to contact receptive partners before their fellow males do; they do not fight with one another for the privilege of mating
Do nonaggressive red-sided garter snakes have circulating testosterone?
No, they have a dissociated reproductive pattern
What is the relationship between environment and hormonal regulation of sexual activity?
Temperature increases cue the activation of sexual activity, whereas testosterone plays an organizational role in the development of the mechanisms.