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27 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Abdominal Aorta
The branches of the abdominal aorta may be divided into three sets: the visceral branches, which supply the organs in the abdomen, renals, testicles and ovaries; the parietal branches, which supply the diaphragm from below and the posterior abdominal walls; and the terminal branches, which descend to supply the organs of the pelvis, the pelvic wall and the paired common iliacs which supply the lower extremities.
Cephalic Vein
The cephalic vein runs up the lateral side of the arm from the hand to the shoulder. In the shoulder, it pierces the tissues and empties into the axillary vein. After the cephalic vein joins the axillary vein, it becomes the "subclavian vein," and then empties into the superior vena cava. In the bend of the elbow, a "medial cubital vein" rises from the cephalic vein and crosses over to the basilic vein. This is the vein that is commonly used for blood samples or to add fluids into the body.
Anterior Tibial Artery
At its lower end, the popliteal artery below the knee divides into the anterior and the posterior tibial arteries. The anterior tibial artery passes down between the tibia and the fibula (lower leg bones) and branch off into smaller arteries into the skin and muscles in the lower leg region. It also communicates with the nerve network at the knee and another network around the ankle. This vessel continues into the foot and toes.
Arch of The Aorta
The aorta is the largest artery in the body. It extends upward from the left ventricle of the heart, arches over the heart to the left, and descends just in front of the spinal column. The first portion of the aorta is the "ascending aorta," which branches into the "arch of the aorta." Three major arteries originate from the aortic arch: the "brachiocephalic artery," which supplies blood to the brain and head; the left common carotid artery and the left subclavian artery.
Arcuate Artery
The arcuate artery supplies blood to foot and toes.
Axillary Artery
The axillary artery supplies branches of blood vessels to the axilla (region under the arm) and the chest wall, including the skin and the shoulder; part of the mammary gland; the upper end of the humerus (upper arm bone); the shoulder joint; and various muscles in the back, shoulder, and chest. As the vessel leaves the axilla, it becomes the brachial artery.
Basilic Vein
The basilic vein passes along the back of the forearm on the ulnar side for a distance and then curves to the surface below the elbow. It continues to move up the medial side until it reaches the middle of the upper arm. There, it enters deep into the tissues and joins the "brachial vein." As the basilic and brachial veins merge, they form the "axillary vein."
Brachial Artery/Vein
The brachial artery stems from the axillary artery and moves along the humerus (upper arm bone) down to the elbow. It gives rise to the "deep brachial artery" that curves around the back of the humerus to supply blood to the triceps muscles. Shorter branches pass into various other muscles on the front of the upper arm, and others descend down each side of the elbow to join arteries in the forearms. The corresponding brachial vein will parallel the artery on its trip back to the heart.
Bronchus
The bronchus is the air passage into the lungs. Each lung has one main bronchus, which begins at the end of the trachea or windpipe. The bronchus divides into smaller branches known as segmental bronchi, which then divide into bronchioles.
Carotid Arteries
The carotid arteries are the four principal arteries of the neck and head. They have two specialized regions: the carotid sinus, which monitors the blood pressure, and the carotid body, which monitors the oxygen content in the blood and helps regulate breathing. The internal carotid arteries enter the skull to supply the brain and eyes. At the base of the brain, the two internal carotids and the basilar artery join to form a ring of blood vessels called the "circle of Willis." The external carotid arteries have several branches which supply the tissues of the face, scalp, mouth and jaws.
Circumflex Fibular Artery
The circumflex fibular artery usually rises from the upper end of the posterior tibial artery (in the lower leg), but may come from the popliteal artery or even from the anterior tibial artery. It enters the fibular head of the soleus muscle, winds around the neck of the fibula, and supplies blood along the peroneal muscles which arise from the upper part of the fibula.
Common Iliac Artery
Just to the left side of the body of the fourth lumbar vertebra, the abdominal aorta divides into two common iliac arteries. These again divide as they descend from the end of the aorta and each divides, between the last lumbar vertebra and the sacrum, into the external iliac artery, which supplies blood to much of the lower limbs, and the internal iliac artery, which supplies the viscera and the walls of the pelvis. Each common iliac artery divides into smaller branches to supply muscles and tissues in the ureter region and begins accessory to the renal arteries.
Cricoid Cartilage
The larynx (voice box) is composed primarily of muscles and cartilages that are bound together by elastic tissues. The cricoid cartilage lies below the thyroid cartilage and marks the lowermost portion of the larynx.
Dorsal Metatarsal Arteries/Veins
In the top side of the foot, the "dorsal digital veins," carrying blood up to the small saphenous vein, communicate with the plantar digital veins in the clefts between the toes. The adjacent dorsal digital veins join to form the "dorsal metatarsal veins." These metatarsal vessels unite across the far ends of the foot (just above the toes) to form the "dorsal venous arch." On the sole of the foot, the superficial veins form a "plantar cutaneous venous arch" that extends across the root of the toes and opens at the sides of the foot into medial and lateral veins. The corresponding dorsal arteries parallel the paths of the veins of the same name.
Femoral Artery
The femoral artery, which passes fairly close to the outer surface of the upper thighs, divides into smaller branches to provide blood to muscles and superficial tissues in the thigh. They also supply the skin of the groin and lower abdominal wall. Important branches of the femoral artery include: (1) superficial circumflex iliac artery to the lymph nodes and the skin of the groin; (2) superficial epigastric artery to the skin of the abdominal wall; (3) superficial and deep external pudenal arteries to the skin of the lower abdomen and external genitalia; (4) profunda femoris artery, which is the largest branch of the femoral artery and supplies the hip joint and various muscles in the thigh; and (5) deep genicular artery to the farthest ends of the thigh muscles and to connecting nerve networks around the knee joint. The corresponding femoral vein travels parallel to the artery, carrying the blood from these locations back to the heart.
Palmar Arteries/Veins
The "deep palmar branch" of arteries are extensions of the ulnar artery, branching out above wrist area. It extends down the middle of the wrist, then curves around the side into the palm of the hand, accompanied by the deep branch of the radial nerve, to form a network of nerves and blood vessels. At this point it joins the radial artery and completes the "deep palmar arch" in the upper area of the hand. The "superficial palmar arch" is usually formed by the deep palmar branch of the ulnar artery joining another branch that descends from the radial artery. The superficial arch curves across the palm and lies distally in the lower part of the hand, above the fingers. It is covered with skin, muscles and nerves. This arch gives rise to three common palmar digital arteries. The corresponding palmar veins parallel the paths of the arteries.
Epiglottis
The epiglottis is the flap of cartilage lying behind the tongue and in front of the entrance to the larynx (voice box). At rest, the epiglottis is upright and allows air to pass through the larynx and into the rest of the respiratory system. During swallowing, it folds back to cover the entrance to the larynx, preventing food and drink from entering the windpipe. The throat contains both an air passage (the wind pipe) and a food passage (the esophagus). If these passages were both open when a person swallowed, air could enter the stomach and food could enter the lungs. Part of the safety hatch that seals off the windpipe is the "epiglottis," a little valvelike cartilage, which works with the larynx to act as a lid every time we swallow. The larynx draws upward and forward to close the windpipe. This keeps solid food and liquid out of the respiratory tract. At the end of each swallow, the epiglottis moves up again, the larynx returns to rest, and the flow of air into the windpipe continues. The uvula (Latin for "little grape") is a fleshy piece of muscle, tissue and mucous membrane that hangs down from the palate. It is the part that moves upward when we say, "Ah!" It flips up and helps close off the nasal passages when we swallow. Contrary to the depictions seen in cartoons, the uvula does not vibrate during singing and shouting and, in fact, has nothing to do with the voice.
Dorsal Metatarsal Arteries/Veins
In the top side of the foot, the "dorsal digital veins," carrying blood up to the small saphenous vein, communicate with the plantar digital veins in the clefts between the toes. The adjacent dorsal digital veins join to form the "dorsal metatarsal veins." These metatarsal vessels unite across the far ends of the foot (just above the toes) to form the "dorsal venous arch." On the sole of the foot, the superficial veins form a "plantar cutaneous venous arch" that extends across the root of the toes and opens at the sides of the foot into medial and lateral veins. The corresponding dorsal arteries parallel the paths of the veins of the same name.
The Heart
The heart is a pumping system which intakes deoxygenated blood through the veins, delivering it to the lungs for oxygenation and then pumping it into the various arteries to be transmitted to where it is needed throughout the body for energy. The heart is about the size of a fist but delivers a more powerful punch. Luckily for us, it contains a buffer zone to decrease its force or we would be shaken by every beat. This buffer zone also protects the heart from outside injury and keeps it from scraping against the chest wall. In some instances, nightmares can seem so real that the heart will pound in fear. In one study, the heart rate of the sleeper was timed at 150 beats per minute. Myth has it that the heart is the seat of the emotions, but it is, instead, a pump to circulate the blood throughout the body and only contributes to the emotions by sending oxygenated blood to our brain cells; so, if you want to gain someone's affection, you may have to ask Cupid to shoot them through the head rather than the heart. An arrow through the heart (or through the head, for that matter) would stop all bodily functions. The Medical Dictionary reports that the heart beats more than 2.5 billion times in an average lifetime. Isn't that "thumping"?
Jugular Veins
There are jugular veins on each side of the neck, which return the deoxygenated blood from the head to the heart. The jugular vein lies deep inside the neck and is seldom injured.
Trachea
The trachea begins immediately below the larynx (voicebox) and runs down the center of the front part of the neck ends behind the upper part of the sternum. Here it divides to form two branches which enter the lung cavities. The trachea (windpipe) forms the trunk of an upside-down tree and is flexible, like a vacuum tube, so that the head and neck may twist and bend during the process of breathing. The trachea, or windpipe, is made up of fibrous and elastic tissues and smooth muscle with about twenty rings of cartilage, which help keep the trachea open during extreme movement of the neck. The lining includes cells that secrete mucus along with other cells that bear very small hairlike fringes. This mucus traps tiny particles of debris, and the beating of the fringes moves the mucus up and out of the respiratory tract, keeping the lungs and air passages free. In Russian folk medicine, there is the thought that rubbing the chest with pork fat will cure a cold. Mustard plasters and boiled snails in barley water were thought to be effective by others, and nobody knows what the ingredients were for early "cure-all tonics" and "snake oil" kits. It is now believed that the best medicine is to rest, keep warm, drink plenty of fluids, and eat good, digestible meals. Sounds good to me...and certainly better smelling.
Lings
Air, which is inhaled through the mouth and nasal passages, travels through the windpipe or "trachea" into two main air passages. These divide into smaller branches which separate into even smaller "twigs" like an upside-down tree. The respiratory system is mainly contained in two lungs. The little air sacs at the end of the twigs comprise the fruit of the tree, and through its thin walls gasses pass into and out of the blood
Ulnar Artery/Vein
Within the elbow, the brachial artery divides into an ulnar and a radial artery. The ulnar artery leads down the ulnar side of the forearm to the wrist. Some of the branches supply blood to the area around the elbow-joint, while others supply the flexor and extensor muscles in the lower arm. At the wrist, branches of the ulnar and radial arteries join to form a network of vessels, which supply the structures in the wrist, hand and fingers. The corresponding ulnar vein will parallel the brachial artery on its way back to the heart.
Thyroid Cartilage
The larynx (voice box) is composed primarily of muscles and cartilages that are bound together by elastic tissues. The thyroid cartilage was named for the thyroid gland that covers its lower part. This cartilage is the shieldlike structure that protrudes in the front of the neck and is sometimes called the "Adam's apple." The protrusion is usually more prominent in males than in females because of the effect of male sex hormones on the development of the larynx.
Internal Iliac Artery
The abdominal aorta divides to form the "common iliac arteries" in the lower abdomen, and these vessels supply blood to the pelvic organs, gluteral region, and legs. Each common iliac artery descends a short distance and divides into an internal and an external branch. The internal iliac artery divides into many smaller branches to supply the various pelvic muscles and tissue structures, as well as the gluteal muscles (buttocks) and the external genitalia. Some of the important branches of this vessel include: (1) iliolumbar artery to the ilium (hipbone) and muscles of the back; (2) superior and inferior gluteal arteries to the muscles of the buttocks, pelvic muscles, and the skin of the buttocks; (3) internal pudendal artery to the alimentary canal, external genitalia, and hip joint; (4) the superior and inferior vesical arteries to the urinary bladder and, in males, the prostate gland; (5) middle rectal artery to the rectum; and (6) uterine artery to the uterus and vagina in females.
Popliteal Artery/Vein
As the femoral artery reaches the space behind the knee (known as the "popliteal fossa"), it becomes the popliteal artery. Branches of this artery supply blood to the knee joint and to muscles in the thigh and calf. Many of its branches also join the connecting nerve network of the knee to help to provide alternative routes in the case of artery obstruction. The corresponding popliteal vein parallels the artery as it carries blood back to the heart.
Radial Artery/Vein
Within the elbow, the brachial artery divides into an ulnar and a radial artery. The radial artery, a true continuation of the brachial artery, travels down the radial side of the forearm to the wrist. As it nears the wrist, it rises close to the surface and is a convenient vessel for taking the pulse. At the wrist, branches of the ulnar and radial arteries join to form a network of vessels, which supply the structures in the wrist, hand and fingers. The corresponding radial vein will parallel the artery as it travels back to the heart.