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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
When a neuron has been stimulated, how is the nerve impulse created? |
Sodium goes inside the cell, changing the outside charge to negative, turning on the reaction. |
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After the nerve impulse has been sent through the neuron, how is it turned off (repolarization)? |
Potassium goes outside the cell making the outside charge positive, turning off the reaction. |
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Nerve impulse follows through the 3 parts of a neuron, which are? |
Dendrite, Cell body, and axon. |
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How is a nerve impulse transmitted across the synapse between 2 neurons? |
Neurotransmitter |
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How is the action potential transmitted along the length of a neuron insulated by a myelin sheath? |
Jumps from one node to another between sections of axon. |
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What happens when a peptide hormone reaches a target cell? |
Attaches to a receptor protein in the plasma membrane and the protein changes shape to initiate chemical reaction inside the cell. |
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What happens when a steroid hormone reaches a target cell? |
Attaches to a receptor protein in the cytoplasm, which initiates transcription of a gene. |
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Diaphragm |
Contracts and chest expands. |
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What are the three functions of respiratory passageways (nasal cavity)? |
1. Clean air 2. Moisten air 3. Warm air |
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Pharynx |
Membrane lined cavity behind the nose and throat, connecting to the esophagus. Soft palette and epiglottis. |
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Larynx |
Vocal cords. Passageways for air, vibration of membrane allows us to speak. |
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Human Respiratory System |
1. Diaphragm 2. Nasal Cavity 3. Pharynx 4. Larynx 5. Trachea 6. Bronchi 7. Bronchioles 8. Alveoli |
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Trachea |
Rings of cartilage. Cilia keeps mucus from moving down further. |
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Bronchi |
Trachea splits in 2. |
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Bronchioles |
Little bronchi, branch off bronchi. |
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Alveoli |
Sacs within our lungs that allows oxygen and co2 to move between the lungs and blood stream. Weird shape to increase surface area. |
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Hemoglobin |
1. 4 polypeptides (quartenary protein structure. 2. 4 irons--each iron can hold one o2. 3. O2--at low energy levels only one o2 is released, higher energy levels 2-4 can. 4. CO--Takes place of o2 and attaches to hemoglobin. 5. CO2--transported in our blood, doesn't attach to hemoglobin. |
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Asthma |
Muscles around airways contract. Air cannot get in alveolis, which causes it to collapse.Buildup of mucus in bronchial tube and it can be similar to allergies. |
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Countercurrent flow (fish gills) |
More diffusion occurs, the blood and water go in opposite directions. |
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Avian respiratory sytem |
Inhalation -O2 goes into the lungs and posterior air sacs. -Low O2 moves from lungs to anterior air sacs. Exhalation -O2 moves from posterior air sacs to lungs. -Low O2 is exhaled. -One-way flow of air allows for fresh air every time. |
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Digestive System |
1. Mouth 2. Pharynx 3. Esophagus 4. Small Intestine 5. Small Intestine 6. Large Intestine |
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Mouth |
Produces digestive enzymes. Teeth and saliva (digestive enzyme). |
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Pharynx(digestion) |
Back of throat and no digestive enzymes. |
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Soft palette and epiglotis |
Soft palette--fleshy, flexible part toward the back of the roof of the mouth. epiglottis--Flap of cartilage at the root of the tongue; depressed during swallowing to cover the windpipe. |
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Esophagus |
Passageway to the stomach; no digestive enzymes. Peristalsis starts (involuntary smooth muscle contraction, wave like vibrations). |
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Sphincters |
Contracts and closes stomach. Bands of smooth muscle. |
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2 functions of stomach acid |
-Enzymes only work at low phs -blocks the growth of microorganisms. |
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Mucus |
Protects stomach from the acid. |
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Heartburn (acid reflux) |
Sphincter isn't working well and burns the esophagus because there's no mucus. |
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Gastric (stomach) ulcer |
The mucus isn't doing the job (not coating the stomach) so that causes a hole in the stomach. |
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2 basic functions of the small intestine |
Digestion and nutrient absorption |
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What are the three segments of the small intestine? |
1. Duodenum 2. Jejunum 3. Illeum |
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Duodenum |
-Digestive enzymes and mucus -Pancreas--digestive enzymes and bicarbonate buffer to neutralize stomach acid and quirts into duodenum. -Liver--Bile salts-breaks up fat globules, and gall bladder--bile is stored. |
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Jejunum |
No mucus Large villi nutrient absorption |
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Illeum |
No mucus Peyer's Patch--high concentration of lymph tissue. |
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Large Intestine |
Colon and Rectum |
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Colon |
Absorption of water, salts, and fat-soluble vitamins. Salt is transported out. Osmosis. Laxatives and Dietary Fiber |
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Bacteria (colon) |
Absorb vitamins because of bacteria. |
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Rectum |
Holds waste, little absorption, and no villi. |
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Anus |
Anal sphincter.Striated muscle, somewhat voluntary. |
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Myelin Sheath |
Insulating covering that surrounds an axon. |
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Central Nervous System |
Controls activities of the body. Brain and spinal cord. Cerebrum--Largest part of the brain. Cerebral Cortex--Most of the informational processing takes place here. |
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Peripheral Nervous System |
Somatic (voluntary) Autonomic (involuntary) Motor pathways away from the brain. |
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Resting membrane potential |
Sodium-potassium pump actively transports sodium ions outside of cell and potassium ions into the cell. Membrane is polarized (inside-negative, outside-positive). |
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Action Potential |
Disturbance to membrane triggers opening of sodium channels in cell membrane. Sodium diffuses into cell, reversing polarity |
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Repolarization |
Potassium diffuses out of the cell through membrane transport proteins, restoring original polarity. |
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Salutory conduction |
Action potential jumps from one node of Ranvier to the next node between sections of axon. |
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Neural Pathway |
1. Receptor--transmits a signal to a sensory nerve. 2. Sensory Neuron--converting stimuli Synapse and neurotransmitter--chemical messenger between two neurons. 3.CNS neurons Synapse 4. Motor neuron 5. Muscle, organ, etc. |
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Steroid hormones |
Hormone enters target cell. Attaches to receptor protein in cytoplasm or nucleus. Hormone and receptor initiate transcription. |
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Peptide hormones |
Hormone attaches to receptor protein in plasma membrane. Receptor protein changes shape and initiates chemical reactions within a cell. |
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Regulation of some hormones |
Hypothalamus (brain) Pituitary gland--next to hypothalamus and releases hormone into blood. |
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Insulin,Glucagon(pancreas) |
Insulin decreases blood sugar. Glucaogn causes blood sugar to go up. |
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Diabetes |
Type 1--Autoimmune. Insulin producing cells in pancreas. Shows up when younger. Causes low level of insulin. Type 2--Low number of insulin receptor proteins. |
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Sex hormones |
Estrogen Progesterone Testosterone Pituitary hormones |
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Estrogen |
Stimulates reproduction and maintenance of reproductive system. |
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Progesterone |
Prepares and maintains uterus for the development of an embryo. |
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Testosterone |
Develops and maintains male reproductive system. |
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Anabolic Steroids |
Synthetic hormones that mimic testosterone. Increase ATP production |
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Pituitary hormones |
Regulate functions of endocrine glands. Receives signal from hypothalamus. |
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General functions of the kidneys |
Water-salt balance (osmotic balance). Acid-base balance (bicarbonate) Nitrogenous waste removal -Ammonia (toxic product) -Urea (excreted in urine). -Uric acid (reptiles, non-toxic and takes more ATP). |
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Nephron function |
1. Pressure Filtration--blood pressure forces and water and small molecules out of the capillaries. 2. Selective Reabsorption-- 3. Water--salt reabsorption in the Loop of Henle 4. Secretion (H moving into nephron). 5. Collecting duct water reabsorption--sends waste to bladder. -ADH--alcohol shuts down this production. Reabsorps more water, dehydrated. |
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Urinary bladder |
Sac that collects urine from kidneys. |
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Internal fertilization |
Joining of two gametes(haploid cells). Inside the body, vertebrates must develop in water. |
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Ovaries |
Contain follicles--surround the oocyte. Oocyte--undergoes meoisis to become ovum (eggs). |
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Fallopian tubes |
Oviducts, where conception occurs. |
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Uterus |
Implantation on uteran wall creates placenta. |
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Fertilized egg |
zygote |