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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
4 Reasons for using Pre-anesthetics? |
-To calm or sedate. -Reduce adverse effects of anesthesia. -Reduce amt of anesthesia needed. -To decrease pain, |
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2 Sections the Autonomic Nervous System is divided into? |
Parasympathetic and sympathetic. |
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What does the Parasympathetic system do? |
Rest and digest. |
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Synapse? |
Space between nerve ending and receptor. |
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Neurotransmitter? |
Chemical that is released from nerve ending and travels across synapse, stimulating receptor. |
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Parasympathetic responses? |
Saliva & tears increase. Pupils contract. BP lowers. Bronchi constrict. Gastro increases. VAGUS NERVE. |
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Parasympathetic Neurotransmitter? |
Acetylcholine. |
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Sympathetic Neurotransmitter? |
Norepinephrine. |
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Sympathetic responses? |
Saliva and tear decrease. Pupils dilate. HR and BP increases. Bronchi dilate. Gastro decreases. BLOOD GOES TO SKELETAL MUSCLE. |
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What controls the involuntary body functions? |
Autonomic nervous system. |
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-ergic? |
does the work of. Stimulates |
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-mimetic? |
Mimics, has a similar effect. |
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-lytic? |
Prevents, tears down the effect of. |
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What are Anticholinergics used for? |
They treat parasympathetic responses produced by anesthesia drugs. Prevent hypersalivation. Prevent bradycardia. |
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Atropine class? |
Anticholinergic. |
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Onset and duration of Atropine? |
20mins SC onset. 10-15 min IM onset. Duration 60mins. |
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Precautions of Atropine? |
Reduces tear secretion. Avoid using in animal with rapid heart rates. Produces thick secretions. Reduces GI activity. CROSSES PLACENTAL BARRIER. |
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Signs of Atropine overdose? |
Tachycardia. Vasodilation. Dry MM. Hyperthermia. Excitement. Dilated pupils. |
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Glycopyrrolate class? |
Anticholinergic. |
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Difference from Atropine and Glycopyyolate? |
Glycopyrrolate last 2-3 hours and does not cross placental barrier. |
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Use of Sedatives and Tranquilizers? |
Calming effect. Smooth induction. Reduce amount of anesthetics needed. Prevent excitatory. |
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Phenothiazine class? |
Sedatives/ Tranquilizers. |
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Drugs in the Phenothiazines class? |
Acepromazine. |
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Advantage of Acepromazine? |
Not controlled. Lasts 2-8hours IV. Antiemetic. Antiarrythmic. |
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Precautions of Acepromazine? |
Vasodilation- avoid in hypotensive patients.No analgesic. Lowers seizure threshold. 3rd eyelid prolapse. Antihistamine. Paraphimosis in horses. |
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Onset of Acepromazine? |
15mins IM. |
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Benzodiazepines class? |
Sedation/ Tranquilizers. |
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Drugs in Benzodiazepines class? |
Diazepam. Midazolam. Zolazepam. Alprazolam. Flumazenil. |
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Advantages of Benzodiazepines? |
Mild calming effect. Excellent muscle relaxation. Prevent seizures. Minimal cardiac and resp depression. |
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Precautions of Benzodiazepines? |
May cause excitement when used alone. |
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Diazepam class, and traits? |
Benzodiazepam. Often mixed with Ketamine. Poorly absorbed IM. |
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Another name for Diazepam? |
Valium. |
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Another name for Midazolam? |
Versed |
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Trait of Midazolam? |
Water soluble. |
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Class of Midazolam? |
Benzodiazepines/ Sedation. |
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Class of Zolazepam? |
Benzodiazepines/ Sedative. |
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Traits of Zolazepam? |
Combined with Tiletamine. Comes as powder. 2 weeks shelf life. IM |
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Another name for Alprazolam? |
Xanax |
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Class of Alprazolam? |
Benzodiazepines/ Sedative. |
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Traits of Alprazolam? |
Oral used for anxiety. |
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Class of Flumazenil? |
Benzodiazepine/ sedative. |
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Traits of Flumazenil? |
Antagonist-reversal agent for diazepam and midazolam. |
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Advantages of Alpha-2 Agonists? |
Potent sedative. Good muscle relaxation. Analgesic. Reversible. Not controlled. |
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What are the Classes of Pre-Anesthetics? |
Anticholinergics. Sedatives/Tranq. ---- Phenothiazines. Benzodiazepines. --- Alpha-2 Agonist. Opiods. Pure agonists. Mixed ant/agonists. Partial agonist. Pure agonist. |
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Precautions of Alpha-2 Agonists? |
Can have Cardiovasular effects. 2nd degree AV block. Causes vasocontriction. Use with Atropine. Absorbed skin and MM. Analgesic wears off before sedation. Possible bloat. |
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What Class of drugs cause Emesis in 50% of dogs and 90% of cats? |
Alpha-2 Agonists. |
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Contraindications of Alpha-2 Agonists? |
Pedoatric, geriatric. Cardio or resp disease. Diabetes. Gastro obstructions. |
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Drugs in Alpha-2 Agonist class? |
Medetomidine. Dexmeditomidine. Xylazine. |
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Another name for Xylazine? |
Rompun. |
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Traits of Xylazine? |
Analgesic for 20mins. IM or IV. Sedation up to several hours. Can have more side effects. |
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Reversing agent of Xylazine? |
Yohimbine. IV. |
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Another name for Medetomidine? |
Domitor. |
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Another name for Dexmeditomidine? |
Dexdomitor. |
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Dexmeditomidine traits? |
IV or IM. Has a ceiling effect on analgesic. |
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Reversing agent of Dexmeditomine? |
Atipamezole. IM |
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Another name for Atipamezole? |
Antisedan. |
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Use of Opiods? |
Analgesic. Common preanesthetic. |
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Neuroleptanalgesic? |
Opiods mixed with Tranq. |
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Advantages of Opiods? |
Most effective analgesic. Potent sedation. Reversible. |
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Disadvantages of Opiods? |
Bradycardia. Resp depression. Excitatory in cats and horses. Can cause histamine release if IV. GI clearing effect. |
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Precautions of Opiods? |
Used with Tranq in cats and horses. IV with caution in dogs. Avoid in cats. |
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Actions of Opiods? |
Mimic effects of endorphins on brain and spinal cord receptors. |
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What are the 4 Opiods Receptors? |
Mu. Kappa. Delta. Nociceptin. |
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Mu Opiod Receptor? |
Profound analgesic, euporia, resp depression, physical dependence, bradycardia, GI clearing. |
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Kappa Opiod Receptor? |
Lesser analgesic response, miosis, sedation, dysphoria. |
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Delta Opiod Receptor? |
Modulates mu receptor activity, GI motility, cardiovascular regulation. |
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Nociceptin Opiod Receptor? |
Plays a role with endogenous opiods. Non-opiods branch of receptors. |
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Define Pure Agonists? |
Stimulates all 4 receptors. |
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Define Mixed agonist/ antagonists? |
Stimulates some types and blocks others. |
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Define Partial Agonists? |
Binds at one or more receptors, has effect at only one type of receptor. |
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Define Pure Antagonists? |
Blocks all types of receptors. |
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Signs of Opiod overdose? |
Profound resp depression. Bradycardia. Extreme sedation/ excitement. Pinpoint pupils in dogs and Dilated in cats. Face swelling. |
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Define Miosis? |
Pinpoint eyes. |
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Define Mydriasis? |
Dilated pupils. |
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List of Pure Agonists? |
Morphine. Oxymorphone. Hydromorphone. Fentanyl. Tramadol. Meperidine. |
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List of Mixed Agonists/ Antagonists? |
Butorphanol. Nalbuphine. |
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List of Partial Agonists? |
Buprenorphine. |
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List of Antagonists? |
Nalorphine. Naloxone. |
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Morphine Class? |
Agonists, Opiod. |
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Traits of Morphine? |
Natural opiate. Lasts 4 hours. Vomit and defecation may occur. Safe for liver disease patients. Strongest natural analgesic. IV dogs only. |
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Oxymorphone Class? |
Agonist, Opiods. |
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Oxymorphone Traits? |
Epidural availible. Longer duration. More potent sedation and analgesic. Fewer side effects. Cats only |
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Hydromorphone Class? |
Agonist, Opiods. |
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Hydromorphone Traits? |
Dogs and cats. More effective analgesic for cats. No histamine. Less potent than oxymorphone. Side effects are panting, vomiting, bradycardia. |
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Fentanyl Class? |
Agonist, Opiods. |
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Fentanyl Traits? |
Transdermal patch lasts for 3 days. Post-op patch takes 12-24hrs to reach analgesic. |
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Tramadol Class? |
Agonists, Opiods. |
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Tramadol Traits? |
Controlled drug. Anti-anxiety properties. Post-op pain. |
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Meperidine Class? |
Agonist, Opiod. |
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Meperidine Traits? |
Wide safety margin. Weak agonist. |
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Butorphanol Class? |
Mixed agonists/ antagonist, Opiods. |
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Butorphanol Traits? |
Minimal sedation. 1 hr mild Analgesic. High safety index. Kappa agonist, Mu antagonist. |
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Another name for Butorphanol? |
Torbugesic- IM,SC Analgesic. Torbutrol- Oral Cough suppressant. |
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Nalbuphine Class? |
Mixed Agonists/ Antagonist, Opiods. |
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Nalbuphine Traits? |
Can be used in place of butorphanol. |
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Buprenorphine Class? |
Partial Agonists, Opiods. |
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Buprenorphine Traits? |
Transmucosal for cats. High affinity for Mu receptors. Delayed onset. Duration of 6-12hrs. Ceiling effect with Analgesic. |
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Nalorphine Class? |
Antagonist, Opiods. |
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Nalorphine Traits? |
90% antagonistic. |
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Naloxone Class? |
Antagonists, Opiods. |
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Naloxone Traits? |
100% antagonistic. |