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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Dorsal
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back side
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ventral
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belly side
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itis
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inflammation
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oma
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tumor
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caudal
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tail end
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cranial
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head end
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proximal
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where the appendage joins the body
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distal
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farthest point from where the appendage joins the body
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TPR:
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Temperature (98 – 101), pulse(30-40), respiration(6-16)
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MM:
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mucos membrane, should be pink in color and moist, not tacky
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CPT :
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capillary refill time, normal is less than 2 seconds
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Signs that dentistry needs to be done:
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Bucking
1. Drooling 2. Foul smell to breath 3. Swellings around face 4. Trouble with the bit 5. Head shaking 6. Poor perfomance |
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What is used in floating:
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• Speculum
• Light • Bucket • Dose syringe • Shoulder, dental ring, or halter • Sedation |
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What is choke?
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Esophageal obstruction
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signs of choke:
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Saliva and feed from mouth and nose
Cough Dysphagia Arched or extended neck Repeated attempts to swallow and retch May appear distressed, painful or depressed Acute or chronic |
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Where does choke happen:
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Usually close to larynx or at thoracic inlet
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Treatment of choke:
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Sedation
Smooth muscle relaxants Analgesics (painkillers) Lavage Oxytocin to relax striated muscle Intravenous fluid therapy Anaesthesia and surgery |
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Complications of choke:
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Aspiration pneumonia
Esophageal inflammation, necrosis and stricture formation Esophageal diverticulum (stretched area of the esophagus) |
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Why does a horse get choke:
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Bolting food, unable to chew properly
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What are gastric ulcers:
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Painful erosion in wall of stomach
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Where do gastric ulcers occur:
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Non glandular portion of stomach
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Who do gastric ulcers affect:
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Very common
90% TBs in race training ~60% show horses, pleasure horses broodmares |
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Why do horses get gastric ulcers:
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Stress
Intense training Intermittent feeding High grain diets Soluble CHO fermented, byproducts include volatile fatty acids, lactic acid and alcohol |
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Treatment of gastric ulcers:
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H-2 receptor antagonists
Antacids Sucralfate Omeprazole, |
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Sings of gastric ulcers:
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Reduced appetite
Weight loss/ poor body condition Low-grade or recurrent colic Loose feces Attitude change May be no clinical signs |
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Small intestine dysfunction:
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Fluid absorption is reduced
Increased fluids in small intestine →→Distension →→ Necrosis →→ Endotoxin absorption Reduced circulating blood volume Reduced blood supply to gut |
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Simple Obstruction Why:
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Feed impaction (or foreign material)
South Western USA bermuda grass ↑ fibre in fall Ascarid impaction Pedunculated lipoma |
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Simple Obstruction Diagnosis:
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TPR, MM and CRT, auscultation
Nasogastric tube Net reflux in stomach up to 0.3L/100kg/hr in complete obstruction Rectal exam Abdominal ultrasound Abdominocentesis |
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Simple Obstruction Treatment:
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Medical/conservative
Fluid therapy + electrolytes Analgesics e.g NSAID Mineral oil? Laminitis prevention Surgery |
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What is Colic:
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Clinical sign of pain
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Treatment of colic:
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NSAIDS (anti-inflammatory, banamine)
Sedatives Fecal softeners IV fluids Sedation surgery |
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Prevention of colic:
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Establish a set daily routine- including feeding and exercise schedule-and stick to
Feed a high quality diet comprised primarily of roughage. Avoid feeding excessive grain and energy-dense supplements. At least half the horse’s energy requirement should be supplied through hay or forage Divide daily concentrate rations (hay free-choice) Set up a regular parasite control program Provide exercise and/or turnout on a daily basis Provide fresh, clean water at all times. Avoid putting feed on the ground, esp. in sandy soils. Make dietary and other management changes as gradually as possible. Reduce stress. Maintain accurate records of management, feeding practices, and health |
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What should happen during a colic examination:
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Obtain a full history
Do a thorough physical exam Pass a stomach tube May perform a rectal exam abdominocentesis blood sample refer the horse |
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Where do impactions occur:
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Cecum
Transverse colon (junction with right dorsal colon) Pelvic flexure |
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Why do impactions occur:
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Dehydration
Coarse/high fibre feed Poor dentition Cold weather – due to dehydration, |
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Signs of impactions:
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Colic!
Mild to moderate pain Dry, hard feces Progressive anorexia Dehydration |
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Treatment of impactions:
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Fluids, fluids and more fluids
intravenously, nasal tube, add electrolytes Maybe: Mineral oil Magnesium sulphate or similar Surgery |
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Diarrhea: what:
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Fecal material with ↑ water content
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Diarrhea: Why:
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Many diseases
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Diarrhea: treatment:
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Fluids
Nutrition NSAIDs Low dose Banamine (flunixin) for antiendotoxin effects Antibiotics? Isolation? |
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Grain overload:
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Proliferation of lactic acid producing bacteria(bacteria will multiply if a large amount of grain is in the hind gut. Usually there are only a few bacteria that breakdown grain.)
Change pH Death of gram negative bacteria Endotoxin in cell wall Any disruption in mucosa allows endotoxin to be absorbed |
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Endotoximia: why:
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Any disruption of mucosa!
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Endotoximia: signs:
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Toxic line and altered color of mm
Pyrexia Colic/diarrhea Dehydration/anorexia Laminitis |
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Endotoximia: tx:
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Antibiotics
Fluids NSAIDS Maybe DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide (scavenge oxygen radicals) |
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Respiratory disease: Importance:
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Athletic horses
Huge lungs, large volumes of air moved Major economic loss Environment and management important Air quality Ammonia Dust and molds |
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Respiratory disease: Clinical signs:
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Changes in character of respiration
Increased effort, rate, noise Flared nostrils, extended neck Heave line, abducted elbows Nasal discharge Cough Exercise intolerance Epistaxis bleeding from nostrils |
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Respiratory disease: Causes:
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Infectious
Viral Bacterial Fungal Parasitic Non-infectious Recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) (heaves) Inflammatory airway disease Exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage |
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Strangles:
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Caused by:Streptococcus equi
Bacterial shed in nasal discharges Transmission direct or via fomites Clinical signs Progressive swelling and tenderness of lymph nodes in head may have difficulty swallowing abscess in lymph nodes, which eventually burst |
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Equine influenza:
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Most highly contagious equine respiratory pathogens
Airborne/aerosol route and direct Clinical signs (unvaccinated) Pyrexia (up to 40°C / 104°F) Harsh dry cough Serous then mucopurulent nasal discharge Marked depression Shed for up to 10 days Diagnosed: Nasopharangeal swabs |
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EHV ¼:
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Main virus to cause viral respiratory disease
Can result in abortion storms in mares Rarely neurologic disease (paralysis) Up to 75% horses latently infected Virus recrudesces when animal under stress |
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RAO
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recurent airway obstruction
Middle aged, and older susceptible for life, can be managed in remission Recurrent episodes Clinical signs at rest Cough, incr. RR Mucus, neutrophils in tracheal mucus |
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IAD
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(inflammatory airway disease)
Any age Vague clinical signs, often no clinical signs at rest Poor performance, cough, and nasal discharge Tracheal mucus Neutrophils in tracheal mucus |
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Pleuropneumonia(ex. Shipping fever)
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Effects individuals, not groups, stress can cause it
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