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30 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Paleolithic


-Nick Name


-Two divisions


-Great leap forward


-Parts of them both

-Old Stones




Lower Paleolithic


- Satred approx 200, 000 years ago


-Developed alot of stone tools


-learned to control fire (allowed to live in colder environments)


-Developed form of speech




Upper Paleolithic


- 50,000 -10,000 years agp


-Human society began to develop


-lived in nomadic or semi-nomadic lifestyle


-more effective hunting techniques led to great leap forward


-great leap was approx 35,000 years ago (aspects include modern anatomy and innovative behaviour)


-After leap, humans had bodies similar to ours and had advanced stone tools


-Women were backbone of this society (the got the most consistent food)


-Trading and social gathering were now common


-Art came into existence, we painted cave paintings and carved figurines


-Most important part of Great leap forward was the Neolithic Revolution

Neolithic


-date


-nickname

-approx 9000 years ago


-New Stone


-Characterized by usage of new ground and polished stone tools and the start of agriculture


-More land = more food


-humans controlled food supply and domesticated animals


-agriculture also led to bear and mead


-At end of neolithic people had specialized war

Characteristics of Civilizations

1.Centralized Governments




2. Agricultural intensification




3. State Religion




4. Class Structure




5. Development of Science and Writing




6. Merchants and Trade




7. Occupational Specialization

Geography


-river>

Rivers very important, provided source of water, fertile land, better transportation, rivers are easier to build stuff with. All early civs started near the river

4 Main groups of Ancient Mesopotamia and their characteristics

-Sumerians




-Akkadians




-Babylonians




-Assyrians

Describe Mesopotamia


-The rivers


-Geographic conditions


-Fertile Crescent

-Two rivers, Tigris and Euphrates rivers




-Really hot and dry, minimal rain, winter had muddy valleys, a lot of flooding during spring, soil with minimal minerals and not stone or timber




-Used to Describe the land between the Tigris and Euphrates

Hammurabi


-Background info


-Peace



-Leader of Babylon


-used divide and conquer to take over sumer and akkad




peace


-Assimilated meso culture with sumerian ways for stable society


- interested in upgrading the state, especially irrigation systems, walled cities and such







-Law


Hammurabi

-228 laws


-Very strict system of justice


-Punishments varied with social class


- idea of retaliation and retribution (eye for an eye)


-Governors had to catch criminals, if they failed they had to pay for the crime's affects out of their own pockets


-soldiers put to death if they got another to take their place


-builders responsible for their construction


-Irrigation laws strict due to geography


-Interest rates monitored


-Wage restrictions


- arranged marriages with formal marriage


-Women to complete duties at home


-Incest forbidden


-Men allowed to have affair, unlike women


-Parents have total rights over parents



Egypt and gods


what type of gods and what type of religion, duty of king, etc

-Anthropomorphic gods (human but immortal)




-Polytheistic




-King was to act on behalf of the god and king's power was divinely ordained

Most important gods of egypt

Enlil- supreme god (air)


Ishtar-life/f eternity


Enki-underworld


sharmash-sun


An-god of heaven




(People believed gods controlled everything)

Oracles


Liver divination

-used as a method of getting messages




-Animal sacrifice to get messages from gods

Mesopotamian Temples

Called Ziggurats, largest was tower of Babel


Huge, centre of the city, etc

Nile uses, dependency, and the nile valley decribe

Nile was source of water, trade route, and was heavily dependent on, gift from god, flooding predictable .




Nile valley protected from invaders, had alot of minerals and resources surrounded by deserts

Education, Appearence, Homes, and Food

Parents taught at first, then formal education was necessary for success (ostraca= broken pot)




Wash regularly, razers, combs, mirrors, makeup, wigs, simple clothing




Bigger the home more rich you were, but all had essentials and luxury, stone was for only temples




Bread, onions and beef were staples

Roles in society




Pharaoh




Scribes




Vizier




Governors





Ph-god on earth, ruled and owned all land, head of religion government and civil matters.




Scribes recorded everything pharaoh wanted them to




Vizier were advisers for the Pharaoh, really high ranking




Governors-head of provinces (42)

Egyptian religion at the start

-Multi visions of creation, original family had 9 gods




-polytheistic beliefs




-other beliefs welcomed and sometimes even added into egyptian beliefs






-Belief everyone has a spirit that survives through death (if body is preserved)

Aspects of the sprite

Ba-spirit of one's personality




Ka-person's lifeforce




Akh-glorified soul

Ka displayed in art




Meaning



Ka-Identical to the person, shadowy figure, with upraised arms over head




Very complex, symbol of reception from gods life power

Ba in art and meaning

Human headed bird, over dead body or leaving/entering tomb




Person's personality/Spiritual manifestation

Embalmers

-bodies taken to Wabet(place of embalming)


-Brain destroyed using hook


-Organs placed in canopic jars (except heart)(proteced by 4 sons of horus )


-Palm wine used and natron salt


,-skin then rubbed with oils and stuffed with sawdust and rags


-Amulets placed when wrapping mummy (magical protection)


-funerary mask placed of head of dead

Coffins

3 coffins used


1- brightly coloured, looks like person


2-mummyand coffin placed into another wooden one with less decoration


3- coffins are placed in a rectangular coffin

Ceremonies

the lip ceremony (priest blessed dead by touching lip)




Weighing of the heart in the underworld, see if heart is pure, if not ammut eats it on anubis' orders

Needs of a mummy

Book of the dead


ka


ba


tomb offerings


food, clothes, etc


decorations of walls

animal mummies

1.food (meat)


2.pets


3.cult of animals (cats, etc)


4. Votive offerings

Early pyramids

Called Mastabas (like djosers temple)

Step pyramids, smooth pyramids, small pyramids

step made of limestones




Smooth began after 2600 BCE




Small pyramids were usually queens while mastabas for relatives/officials

Snefru AND GIZA PYRAMIDS

Most active pyramid builder, made bent pyramid, too steep, broke, looks bent now




Giza-built by Khufu, so large because he wanted to become one with sun god by walking up there (shaped like sunburst)

Sphinx, valley of kings, and inside tombs/temples/pyramids

Sp


-oldest+largest stone structure of old kingdom


-lion body with human head (reps god ra-harakhtv)


-face may be Chephren




Valley


-Royal burial grounds (30 toms)


-carved in rock of valley


-tomb of Seti 1 is largest






Inside


-Body of pharoah, incriptions and paintings of life of deceased, and riches

types of ancient writing

-Hieroglyphics


-Hieratic


-Cuneiform

Akenaton


Djoser


Hatshepsut


Imhotep


Khufu


Mene


Neanderthals


Ramses II


Sargon


Tutankhamun


Tuthmosis

Aken-Tried making monotheistic religion, aten god, father of tut (may have tried changing art more realistically)




Djoser-Step pyramids for him built




Hatshepsut-queen of egypt, mother to T3, really good ruler buried at the temple for her (art had her in man's roles and looking like one)




Imhotep-gave us step pyramids and medicine




Khufu-build pyramids of giza




Mene-first king of egypt, united both halfs of egypt and wore two crowns to show it




Ramses ii-ruled for a long time, led expeditions and made egypt rich in supplies




Sargon-leader of akkads, unified lower half of meso




Tut-young king, changed religion back to polytheistic after his father made it mono




Tuth-napoleon of egypt, conquered alot for egypt