Anatomy V01 Ch 3

Front 1

What is a tissue?

Back 1

Organization of similar cells and EC products that carry out a common function

Front 2

What do we call the study of tissues?

Back 2

histology

Front 3

How many primary tissues are there?

Back 3

4

Front 4

What are the primary tissue types?

Back 4

1. epithelial
2. connective
3. muscle
4. nervous

Front 5

Function of epithelial tissues.

Back 5

-covers surfaces
-lines organs and body cavities
-forms glands

Front 6

Functions of connective tissue.

Back 6

-supports
-protects
-binds

Front 7

Functions of muscle tissue

Back 7

-contracts

Front 8

Functions of nervous tissue.

Back 8

-generates, transmits, and receives impulses
-supports and protects neurons

Front 9

List and understand 6 characteristics of epithelial tissue.

Back 9

1. cellularity: little extracellular matrix
2. polarity: apical and basal surfaces
3. attachment: basement membrane
4. avascularity: underlying CT vascular
5. arrangement: into layers or sheets
6. high regeneration capacity: ie stem cells
7. innervation: nerves tend to associate with epithelium so we can receive sensations through them

Front 10

List and understand 4 functions of epithelial tissue.

Back 10

1. protection
2. control permeability
3. sensation
4. secretion

Front 11

What are the 2 types of epithelia?

Back 11

1. membranous
2. glandular

Front 12

One side of a membranous epithelium is exposed, not attached. To what is it exposed?

Back 12

free surface or lumen

Front 13

List the 3 classifications of epithelium based on cell layers

Back 13

1. simple (1)
2. stratified (2+)
3. pseudostratified (every cell in contact with BM, looks like more than 1 layer)

Front 14

List and understand the 4 classifications of epithelium based on shape.

Back 14

1. squamous
2. cuboidal
3. columnar
4. transitional

Front 15

What type of epithelium consists of a single layer of flattened cells?

Back 15

simple squamous epithelium

Front 16

Where is simple squamous epithelium found?

Back 16

-alveoli
-endothelium (lining of blood vessels and heart, essentially capillaries)
-mesothelium (also inner lining of cornea)
-thin parts of nephron loop

Front 17

What are the general functions of simple squamous epithelium?

Back 17

-reduce friction
-control permeability
-secretion

Front 18

What type of epithelium consists of multiple layers of flattened cells?

Back 18

stratified squamous epithelium

Front 19

What are the 2 forms of stratified squamous epithelium?

Back 19

1. keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
2. nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Front 20

What are features of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium? Where is this tissue type found?

Back 20

-apical layers are dead and contain the protein KERATIN
-waterproofing and strengthening
-found in epidermis

Front 21

What are features of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium? Where is this tissue type found?

Back 21

-apical layers are alive and moistened with mucus
-mouth, pharynx, esophagus, vagina, anus

Front 22

What is the general function of stratified squamous epithelium?

Back 22

protection (from abrasion, pathogens, chemicals, etc.)

Front 23

What type of epithelium consists of a single layer of cells that are similar in height and width?

Back 23

simple cuboidal epithelium

Front 24

Where is simple cuboidal epithelium found?

Back 24

-portions of kidney tubules
-glands (ducts of exocrine glands)
-ovarian surface
-thyroid follicles

Front 25

What are the general functions of simple cuboidal epithelium?

Back 25

1. limited protection
2. absorption
3. secretion

Front 26

What types of epithelium consist of 2 or more layers of cells that are similar in height and width?

Back 26

stratified cuboidal epithelium

Front 27

Where is stratified cuboidal epithelium found?

Back 27

-larger ducts (salivary or sudoriferous glands for example)
-part of the male urethra

Front 28

What are the general functions of stratified cuboidal epithelium?

Back 28

protection (also involved in secretion and absorption)

Front 29

What type of epithelium consists of a single layer of cells that are taller than they are wide?

Back 29

simple columnar epithelium

Front 30

What 2 forms does simple columnar epithelium take? Where are they found?

Back 30

1. ciliated simple columnar epithelium
-found in uterine tubes (function to trap sperm)
2. non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium
-found in the digestive tract (begins in the stomach, which has goblet cells)

Front 31

What are the general functions of simple columnar epithelium?

Back 31

1. protection
2. absorption
3. secretion

*ciliated form will be able to move mucus and ovum

Front 32

Non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium has finger-like projections on the apical surface of the plasma membrane. What are they and what is their purpose?

Back 32

microvilli, which function to increase surface area for absorption

Front 33

Ignore this!

Back 33

Stratified columnar epithelium is rare and provides protection in few areas. We will ignore it!

Front 34

What type of epithelium consists of what appears to be more than one layer of cells that are taller than they are wide but where each cell is in contact with the basal lamina?

Back 34

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium (Ignore the rare, non-ciliated form that is found int he epididymus)

Front 35

Where is ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium found?

Back 35

Large tubes of the respiratory tract

*also found in the upper respiratory tract, where it is not shared with the digestive system

Front 36

What are the general functions of ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

Back 36

1. protection
2. secretion

Front 37

What type of unicellular gland is commonly found in simple (and pseudostratified) columnar epithelia and what is its product?

Back 37

Goblet cells, which secrete mucin

(note, mucin combines with water to forms mucus)

Front 38

What type of epithelium consists of a multiple layer of cells that change their shape (and the number of layers detected) in response to stretch?

Back 38

transitional epithelium (definitely stratified)

Front 39

Where is transitional epithelium found?

Back 39

-bladder
-renal pelvis
-ureters (portions of the urethra)

Front 40

What are the general functions of transitional epithelia?

Back 40

Allow distention and recoil

Front 41

Based on the discharge of secretions (not what is secreted) there are 2 basic types of glands. What are they and how do they differ in where their products are secreted?

Back 41

1. exocrine (secretes through ducts onto a surface)
2. endocrine (secretes directly into interstitial fluid and is well vascularized)

Front 42

List and understand 6 functions of connective tissue.

Back 42

1. structural framework
2. transport (blood)
3. physical protection
4. support/surrounding/binding (of structures)
5. storage (fat)
6. immunity (interferes with movement of invaders and houses leukocytes)

Front 43

What are connective tissues characterized by?

Back 43

matrix (not cellularity like epithelium cells are)

Front 44

What are 3 basic components of connective tissue?

Back 44

1. cells
2. protein fibers
3. ground substance

Front 45

What term is used for the combination of the 2 non-cellular components of connective tissue that, rather than the cells, determines its properties?

Back 45

matrix (protein fiber and ground substance components)

Front 46

What are the 2 basic types of connective tissue proper as based on the relative proportion of fibers)?

Back 46

1. loose
2. dense

Front 47

What is the general role of loose connective tissue?

Back 47

-packing material (fills spaces, cushions, supports)

Front 48

What is the general role of dense connective tissue?

Back 48

-provides strength and support (resists pull)

-often found in tendons or ligaments

Front 49

What type of loose connective tissue is found DEEP TO THE DERMIS of the skin and surrounds blood vessels, muscles, and nerves?

Back 49

areolar connective tissue

*note, this tissue is also found in the superficial dermis aka the superficial fascia

Front 50

What are the general functions of areolar connective tissue?

Back 50

1. cushioning
2. allows independent movement of connected tissues

Front 51

What term is used for the shiny layers of binding tissue that surround and separate muscles and vessels?

Back 51

fascia

Front 52

Where is superficial fascia located?

Back 52

connects skin to muscles

Front 53

What are features of deep fascia?

Back 53

thick, strong, white, shiny

Front 54

What type of loose connective tissue is commonly known as fat?

Back 54

adipose connective tissue

Front 55

What are the general functions of adipose connective tissue?

Back 55

1. cushioning
2. insulation
3. energy storage

Front 56

What type of loose connective tissue forms a structural framework in organs such as the liver, kidney, spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow?

Back 56

reticular connective tissue

Front 57

What is the general function of reticular connective tissue?

Back 57

to provide a supportive framework

Front 58

What form of dense connective tissue has tightly packed collagen fibers that are aligned parallel to applied forces?

Back 58

dense regular connective tissue

Front 59

Where is dense regular connective tissue found?

Back 59

1. tendons
2. ligaments
3. deep fascia

Front 60

What special form of dense regular connective tissue (often recognized as a unique category) contains a large number of elastic fibers and is therefore able to stretch and snap back?

Back 60

elastic connective tissue

Front 61

Where is elastic connective tissue found?

Back 61

1. the walls of large arteries
2. some ligaments in the back
3. suspending ligament of the penis

Front 62

What form of dense conective tissue has tightly-packed collagen fibers that show no particular pattern of orientation?

Back 62

dense irregular connective tissue

Front 63

Where is dense irregular connective tissue found?

Back 63

1. dermis (deep)
2. perichondrium
3. periosteum
4. joint capsules

Front 64

What is the name of the sheath that surrounds bones (except where they articulate) formed by this type of connective tissue?

Back 64

periosteum

Front 65

Name 2 types of fluid connective tissue?

Back 65

1. blood
2. lymph

Front 66

Name the 2 general categories of supporting connective tissue.

Back 66

1. cartilage
2. bone

Front 67

Describe the matrix of cartilage.

Back 67

a firm gel with protein fibers

Front 68

Describe the matrix of bone.

Back 68

Rigid, calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate with protein fibers

Front 69

What do we call the spaces within the matrix of the supporting connective tissues (ie cartilage and bone) where the cells reside?

Back 69

lacunae

*singular=lacuna

Front 70

List the 3 types of cartilage.

Back 70

1. hyaline cartilage
2. fibrocartilage
3. elastic cartilage

Front 71

What type of cartilage is the most common and contains closely packed fine collagen fibers, making it appear smooth and glassy?

Back 71

hyaline cartilage

Front 72

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

Back 72

1. on articular surfaces of bones (esp.
long bones)
2. nose
3. trachea
4. larynx
5. costal cartilage
6. fetal skeleton
7. epiphyseal plates

Front 73

What type of cartilage contains elastic fibers, making it flexible and resilient?

Back 73

elastic cartilage

Front 74

Where is elastic cartilage found?

Back 74

1. epiglottis
2. external ear

Front 75

What type of cartilage has large collagen fibers that tend to be arrranged along the lines of stress in that region to resist compression, absorb shock, and prevent bone to bone contact.

Back 75

fibrocartilage

Front 76

Where is fibrocartilage found?

Back 76

1. intervertebral discs
2. pubic sympysis
3. menisci

Front 77

What kind of bone is solid and forms the outer shell of an individual bone?

Back 77

cortical bone (aka compact bone)

Front 78

What kind of bone forms a latticework inside of individual bones?

Back 78

cancellous bone (aka spongy bone)

Front 79

For what purpose is muscle tissue specialized?

Back 79

contraction

Front 80

What special prefix is used with -plasm and -lemma when referring to muscle?

Back 80

sarco ("flesh")

ex: sarcoplasm, sarcolemma

*note, at the gross level, use myo-
* at the microscipic level, use sarco-

Front 81

what type of muscle is striated, multinucleate, volunatary, and found in what we generally call muscles?

Back 81

skeletal muscle

*look for long fibers and peripheral nuclei

Front 82

What type of muscle is striated, involuntary, and forms the myocardium (muscle layer of the heart)?

Back 82

cardiac muscle

*look for short fibers, intercalated discs, and one or two central nuclei

Front 83

What do we call the specialized regions that connect one cardiac muscle cell to another and help coordinate the activities of these cells?

Back 83

intercalated discs

*these are extensions of the heart's electrical system, and they enable the heart to set its pace

Front 84

What type of muscle is nonstriated, involuntary, and found in areas such as the respiratory tract, blood vessels, digestive tract, reproductive tract, urinary tract, and attached to the base of hair follicles?

Back 84

smooth muscle

*in areas where blood vessels squeeze
*nuclei appear stretched out and spindle-shaped
*does not fatigue like skeletal muscles

Front 85

For what purpose is neural tissue specialized?

Back 85

conduction of electrical impulses

Front 86

Which of the 2 basic cell types in neural tissue are the longest cell type in the body (some reaching up to a meter or so) and serve to transmit electrical impulses.?

Back 86

neurons

Front 87

List the 3 main parts of neurons, and define each part.

Back 87

1. cell body (soma)- contains the nucleus
2. dendrites -receive incoming signals
3. axon-transmit signals away from the cell body (the long part) *only 1 per neuron

Front 88

Which of the 2 basic cell types in neural tissue occur in several different varieties and have such tasks as providing a supporting framework for neural tissue, regulating the composition of the interstitial fluid surrounding neural tissue, and providing nutrients to the impulse conducting cells of the nervous system?

Back 88

glial cells (neuroglia)