Anatomy Usable Exam Iv

Front 1

what is the name of the canal from the mouth to anus

Back 1

alimentary canal

Front 2

what are the four histological layers of the alimentary canal

Back 2

serosa or adventicia
muscularis externa
submucosa
mucosa

Front 3

the outermost layer of the GI tract, a binding and protective layer.

Back 3

adventicia

Front 4

what kind of epithelium is in the serosa or adventicia tunica of the GI tract

Back 4

simple squamous epithelium aka visceral peritoneum

Front 5

layer of the GI tract that is responsible for segmental contractions - peristalsis- throughout the GI tract. contrctions physically churn the food as it is mixed with digestive chemicals enzymes

Back 5

muscularis externa

Front 6

plexus of the muscularis externa located between the two muscle layers and consists of parasymp ganglia and symp postganglionic fibers

Back 6

mysenteric or auerbachs of the muscularis externa

Front 7

most external and runs parallel to the lumen

Back 7

muscularis externa

Front 8

inner layer of the muscularis externa and encircles the lumen

Back 8

circular layers

Front 9

layer of loose CT with large blodo vessel snad lympathics deep to the muscularis externa

Back 9

submucosa

Front 10

exocrine glands that secrete buffers and enzymers are located in this layer of the GI tract

Back 10

submucosa

Front 11

this innervates the mucosa with sensory parasymp ganglia and symp postganglionic fibers in the submucosa layers

Back 11

plexus opf meissner or submucosal plexus

Front 12

rename the submucosal plexus

Back 12

plexus of meissner

Front 13

what kinds of innervation are associated with the plexus of meissner submucosla plexus

Back 13

parasymp gnagilia for sensory and symp postganglionic fibers

Front 14

the narrow outer protio of the mucosa layer of the GI tract that has inner circular and outer longtiudinal layer with elastic fibers

Back 14

muscularis mucosa

Front 15

this contracts and alters the shape of the lumen and mores the peithelial folds

Back 15

muscularis mucosa of the mucosa layer of the GI tract

Front 16

underlying layer of loose CT contains blood vessels and sensory nerves lympathics smooth muscles fibers and scattered areas of lymphoid tissue part of the GALT system

Back 16

lamina propria of the mucosa

Front 17

what kind of epithelium are found in the mucosa

Back 17

loose CT covered with epithelium moistened by glandular secretions

Front 18

the stomach small intestinese and most of the colon are lined by

Back 18

simple columnar epithelium for secretion and absorption

Front 19

what is simple columnar epithelium good for

Back 19

secretion and abosrption

Front 20

the mucosa is pleated or folded which may be permanent or temporary as a means to increase the surface area of the mucosa layer... this is called

Back 20

plica

Front 21

depression between the cheeks and the lips externall and the gumsa nd teeth internally

Back 21

vestibule

Front 22

opening of the oral cavity

Back 22

oral orafice

Front 23

opening of the oral cavity into the pharynx

Back 23

fauces

Front 24

the lips are attached at the midline fold by the ...

Back 24

labial frenulum

Front 25

reddish color of transition zone between skinand mucous membranes

Back 25

vermillion

Front 26

located on the mucous membrane of the hard palate

Back 26

transverse palatine folds or palatal rugae

Front 27

what lies anteriorly in the mouth

Back 27

palatoglossal
glossalpalatine arch

Front 28

what lies posteriorly in the mouth

Back 28

palatopharyngeal or
pharyngeaopalatine arch

Front 29

where is the palatine tonsil

Back 29

between the palatoglossal and the palatopharyngeal

Front 30

rename palatopharyngeal

Back 30

pharyngeopalatine arch

Front 31

rename glossalpalatine arch

Back 31

palatoglossal

Front 32

how teeth in kids adults

Back 32

20
32

Front 33

how many incisors in kids adults

Back 33

2
2

Front 34

hoe homany premolars in kids adults

Back 34

0 2 bicupsids

Front 35

how many molars in kids adults

Back 35

2
3 last is wesdom

Front 36

anterior 2/3 or this muscles is in the oral cavity and the posterior 1/3 is in the pharynx

Back 36

tongue

Front 37

muscles that originate elsewhere and insert on the tongue, more the tongue in and out and side to side

Back 37

extrinsic muslces

Front 38

assist extrinsic muscles of the tongue

Back 38

intrinsic muscles

Front 39

oriniates in the edial surface of the nadible

Back 39

gnioglossus

Front 40

inserts in body of the the tongue, hyoid

Back 40

genioglossus

Front 41

depresses and retracts the tongue

Back 41

genioglossus

Front 42

innervated with hypoglossal in tongue

Back 42

genioglossus
hypoglossus
styloglossus

Front 43

originates in the hyoid

Back 43

hypoglossus

Front 44

inserts in the side of the tongue

Back 44

hypoglossus
palatoglossus

Front 45

depresses and retracts the tongue

Back 45

hypoglossus

Front 46

origin is the anterior surface of the soft palat

Back 46

palatoglossus

Front 47

elevates he tongue and depresses the soft palate

Back 47

palatoglossus

Front 48

depresses tongue

Back 48

genioglossus and hypoglossus

Front 49

retracts the tongue

Back 49

hypoglossus
styologlossus

Front 50

elevates the tongue

Back 50

styloglossus and palatoglossus

Front 51

innervated by the accessory nerve in the tongue

Back 51

palatoglossus

Front 52

what are the largest glands that are located below and in front o the auricle and drain through the parotid duct

Back 52

parotid glands

Front 53

parallels the zygomatic arch across the masseter pierces the buccinator muscle and gies out watery serous fluid

Back 53

parotid glands

Front 54

these salivary glands lie inferior ot hte body of the mandilbe midway along the inner side of the jaw and secrete watery serous fluid with SOME mucus

Back 54

submandibular glands

Front 55

sies under the mucous membrane of the floor of the mouth and secretes mostly thick stringy mucus

Back 55

sublingual glands

Front 56

in esophagus what is the epithelium of the mucosa

Back 56

stratified squamous

Front 57

except during swalling is the lumen open or closed by muscles tone

Back 57

closed

Front 58

does the muscle layer of the muscularis mucosa get thinner or thicker as it approaches the stomach

Back 58

thickens

Front 59

**

Back 59

the muscularis externa of the esophagus has inner circular and outer longitudeinal layers... superior 1/3 is skeletal then mixed then smooth

Front 60

how is the adventicia of the esophagus different?

Back 60

no serosa, is outer fibrous layer, layer of CT outside the muscularis externa anchors the esophagus against the dorsla body wall

Front 61

what anchos the esophagus against the dorsal body wall

Back 61

adventicia

Front 62

what stage of swallowing is whne the bolus passes through the pharynx

Back 62

stage two is involuntary

Front 63

what stage or swallowing is entry and passage of food through the esophagus involuntary

Back 63

3rd stage

Front 64

what are the sphincters of the esophagus

Back 64

superior esophageal or pharygoesophageal
inferior esophageal or cardiac sphincter

Front 65

rename superior esophageal sphincter

Back 65

pharyngoesophageal

Front 66

rename inferior esophageal sphincter

Back 66

cardiac sphincter

Front 67

innervated by inferior thyroid bronchail arteries esophageal phrenic and left gastric arteris

Back 67

esophagus
Inferior Thyroid
Bronchial Arteries
Esophageal
Phrenic
Left gastric arteries

Front 68

parasymp preganglionic fibers reach the esophagus by way of this nerve and synapses with galnglion cells in he esophagus

Back 68

vagus

Front 69

preganglionic fibers arise in the lower part of the thoracic spinal cord and synpase in ganglia in the symp trunks and enter the esophageal plexus by visceral branches of the trunks and the blank nerve

Back 69

greater splanchnic nerve

Front 70

the mucosa is thrown into prominent longitudinal folds which permit expansion of the tomach

Back 70

rugae

Front 71

how many L of gastric juice each day

Back 71

1.5L

Front 72

abundant near the base of the gastric glands and secrete pepsinogen the gastric acid converts it into pepsin a proteolytic enzyme

Back 72

zymogenic or cheif cells

Front 73

are common along the proximal portions of the gastric glands and secrete HCl and intrinsic factor which faciliates absorption of B12 across the intersintal border

Back 73

parietal cells

Front 74

are scattered among the cheif and parietal cells and produce at least seven secretions.

Back 74

enteroendocrine cells

Front 75

enteroenocrine cells that produce gastrin and stimulate the other cells

Back 75

enteroendocrine cells of the mucosa of the stomach

Front 76

what produces mucus in the stomach

Back 76

mucous cells or goblet cells

Front 77

in the stomach the muscularis externa contains an extra inner layer of blank muscle

Back 77

oblique smooth which strneghtens the stomach wall and assists in mixing and churning of chyme

Front 78

what are the 6 regions of the stomach

Back 78

cardiac
fundus
body
pylorus
superior margin in lesser curvature
inferior margin the greater curvature

Front 79

what part of the stomach is in direct contact with the diaphragm

Back 79

fundus

Front 80

what is the "mixing tank" of the stomach

Back 80

the body of the stomach

Front 81

what supplies the lesser curvature

Back 81

l gastric artery a branch of the celiac trunk

Front 82

what supplies the fundus and greater curvature through th eL gastroepiploic artery

Back 82

splenic artery a branch of the celiac trunk

Front 83

what supplies the lesser and greater curvatures of the pylorus thorugh the right gastroepiloic artery and gatsroduodenal artery

Back 83

common hepatic artery

Front 84

**

Back 84

POSTganglionic parasymp fibers innervate parietal cells chief cells and mucous cells of the stomach

Front 85

what innervates the parietal cells, chief cells, and mucous cells of the stomach

Back 85

postganglionic parasymp

Front 86

sympathetic innervation of the stomach is from the blank plexus

Back 86

celiac plexus and inhibits gastric activity

Front 87

how long is the small intestine in life

Back 87

8-13 ft

Front 88

what is the surface area of the small intestine

Back 88

2200 square feet

Front 89

occurs at 15 contractions/minute forcing chyne through the SI in 3-10 hours

Back 89

peristalsis

Front 90

800 deep permanent circular folds o the mucosa and submucosa that force chyme to spiral through the lumen and slows he course of cyme and allows for nutrient absorption

Back 90

plicae circularis of the mucosa of the small intestine

Front 91

fingerlike projections of th mucosa over 1 mm high giving velvety texter

Back 91

villi

Front 92

these are larger in the duodenum and gradually become enarrower and shorter along the length of the small intestine

Back 92

villi

Front 93

in the core of each villus, which accompanies with dense cpaillary bead

Back 93

lacteals

Front 94

transport materials that cannot enter the capillaries such as lipds and lipoprotein complexes. also absorb monosaccharides and amino acids

Back 94

lacteals

Front 95

between the villi, pits that extend into the lamina propria the intestinal glands or crypts of lieberkuhn

Back 95

tubular glands

Front 96

these gland secrete intestinal juice and contain an arrayy of enzyms and mucus

Back 96

tubular blands

Front 97

mucus secreting glands found only in the submucosa of the duodenum ONLY produce bicar rich mucus that neutralizes the cidic chyme

Back 97

brunner's glands are tuboalveolar glands

Front 98

simple columnar absorptive cells, bound by tight junctions, and richly endowwed with microvilli and carry many enzymes: the brush border enzymes

Back 98

columnar cells

Front 99

mucus secreting cells that become more abundant through te length of the small intestine

Back 99

mucous goblet cells

Front 100

located deep in the crypts they release antibacterial enzyme lsozyme

Back 100

paneth cells

Front 101

scattered cells that are the source of enterogastrones insteinal horman\es: secretin and choecysotkinin

Back 101

enteroendocrine cells

Front 102

what cells release lysozymes

Back 102

paneth cells

Front 103

what cells relase the intestinal hormones secretin and cholestokinin

Back 103

enteroendocrine cells

Front 104

in the duodenum secretions from the common bile duct and pancreatic duct unite to form the

Back 104

ampulla of vater or hepatopancreatic duct and eter the duodenum and duodenal pailla which can be opened or closed by a sphincter

Front 105

rename ampulla of vater

Back 105

hepatopancreatic duct

Front 106

fingerlike projections of th mucosa over 1 mm high giving velvety texter

Back 106

villi

Front 107

these are larger in the duodenum and gradually become enarrower and shorter along the length of the small intestine

Back 107

villi

Front 108

in the core of each villus, which accompanies with dense cpaillary bead

Back 108

lacteals

Front 109

transport materials that cannot enter the capillaries such as lipds and lipoprotein complexes. also absorb monosaccharides and amino acids

Back 109

lacteals

Front 110

between the villi, pits that extend into the lamina propria the intestinal glands or crypts of lieberkuhn

Back 110

tubular glands

Front 111

these gland secrete intestinal juice and contain an arrayy of enzyms and mucus

Back 111

tubular blands

Front 112

mucus secreting glands found only in the submucosa of the duodenum ONLY produce bicar rich mucus that neutralizes the cidic chyme

Back 112

brunner's glands are tuboalveolar glands

Front 113

simple columnar absorptive cells, bound by tight junctions, and richly endowwed with microvilli and carry many enzymes: the brush border enzymes

Back 113

columnar cells

Front 114

mucus secreting cells that become more abundant through te length of the small intestine

Back 114

mucous goblet cells

Front 115

located deep in the crypts they release antibacterial enzyme lsozyme

Back 115

paneth cells

Front 116

scattered cells that are the source of enterogastrones insteinal horman\es: secretin and choecysotkinin

Back 116

enteroendocrine cells

Front 117

what cells release lysozymes

Back 117

paneth cells

Front 118

what cells relase the intestinal hormones secretin and cholestokinin

Back 118

enteroendocrine cells

Front 119

in the duodenum secretions from the common bile duct and pancreatic duct unite to form the

Back 119

ampulla of vater or hepatopancreatic duct and eter the duodenum and duodenal pailla which can be opened or closed by a sphincter

Front 120

rename ampulla of vater

Back 120

hepatopancreatic duct

Front 121

the ileum empties into the coloon through the

Back 121

ileocecal valve

Front 122

what are the abundant lymphoid nodules in the ileum called

Back 122

peyer's patches

Front 123

which sections of the small intestine has mesentary which allows movment but prevents kinking

Back 123

jejunum and ileum

Front 124

what supplies the small intestine with blood

Back 124

superior mesenteric artery

Front 125

what supplies the proximal duodenum with blood

Back 125

gastroduodenal artery a branch of the common hepatic artery

Front 126

the innervation of the parasym small intestine is from vagus nerve relayed mainly through the superior...

Back 126

superi0or mesenteric plexus

Front 127

in the small intestine sympathetic innervation is from the superior...

Back 127

mesenteric plexus some celiac plexus

Front 128

converts starch and glyocgen into disaccharides

Back 128

salivary amylase

Front 129

begins the digestion of proteins

Back 129

pepsin in the stomach source is chief cells

Front 130

source is chief cells in the stomach gastric juice enzyme

Back 130

pepsin

Front 131

intestinal juice enzymes LPMSLANE

Back 131

Lipase
peptidase
maltase
sucrase
amylase
nuclease
enterokinase

all from intestinal gland

Front 132

converts proteins to amino acids

Back 132

peptidase in small intestine

Front 133

converts disacchardis into monosaccharides

Back 133

sucrase maltase lactase

Front 134

converts triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol

Back 134

lipase

Front 135

converts starch adn glycogen into disaccharides

Back 135

amylase

Front 136

converts nucleic acids into nucleotides

Back 136

nuclease

Front 137

activates trypsin

Back 137

enterokinase

Front 138

pancreatic juice enzymes in the small intestine CTCPLAN

Back 138

chymotrypsin
trypsin
carbosypeptidase
peptidase
lipase
amylase
nuclease

Front 139

converst protiens or partially digested proteins into amino acids

Back 139

peptidase
trypsin
chymotrysin
carboxypeptidase

Front 140

wall of the colon forms a series of pouches known as

Back 140

austra

Front 141

allows distnesion and elongation in the large intestine

Back 141

haustra

Front 142

the serosa of the colon continas numbeerous tear drop shaped sacs of fat known as the

Back 142

epiploic appendages

Front 143

absorbs vitamins liberated b bacterial action

Back 143

large intestine

Front 144

doe sthe large intestine have villi?

Back 144

no no more absoprtion

Front 145

does the large intestine have goblet cells

Back 145

yes much more prevalent-- no scratching

Front 146

the muscularis externa is the longtiudinal layer of the large intestine and reduced to three separate longitudinal ribbons

Back 146

taeniae coli

Front 147

what are the three types of movement in the large intestine

Back 147

haustral churning
peristalsis
mass movement

Front 148

when the colon bends sharply to the left

Back 148

hepatic flexure

Front 149

the colon bends sharply inferiorly

Back 149

spenic flexure

Front 150

at the iliac fossa the sdescneding colon proceeds in s shaped segment posterior to the urinary bladder

Back 150

sigmoid colon

Front 151

what supplies the cecum appendix and ascending and proximal 2/3 of the transverse colon

Back 151

superior mesenteric artery

Front 152

supplies the distal 1/3 of the transverse colon adn the descneding and sigmoid colon and the rectum

Back 152

inferior mesenteric arty

Front 153

the second half of the colon is innervated in parasymp from the

Back 153

pelvic splanchnic nurve

Front 154

the second half of the colon is symp innervated by the

Back 154

inferior mesenteric plexus.. the first half is by the superior mesentericc plexus

Front 155

a compound tubuloacinar gland

Back 155

pancreas

Front 156

prodeuce insulin which loers serum glucose

Back 156

beta cells

Front 157

produce gucoagon which reaises serum glucose

Back 157

alpha cells

Front 158

rename pancreatic islets

Back 158

eslets of langerhan

Front 159

exocrine secrtions the pancreatic juice empties form the pancreatic duct into the

Back 159

duodenum

Front 160

what are the three reegions of the pancreas

Back 160

head
body
tail

Front 161

each acinus is lined by simple cuboidal epithelium that secretes water ions and enzymes

Back 161

central lumen of acini

Front 162

union of the R and L hepatic ducts carrying bile from the liver.

Back 162

common bile duct

Front 163

where dose the cystic duct lead to from the pancreas

Back 163

gallbladder

Front 164

mat branch from the main pancreatic duct before it leaves the pancreas, and ener the duodenum through a separate ampulla the lesser duodenal ampulla

Back 164

accessory pancreatic duct

Front 165

the splenic arty artery an common hepatic artery make up the

Back 165

celiac trunk that supplies the pancreas

Front 166

the common hepatic artery in the pancreas donates the

Back 166

gastroduodenal and superior pancreaticoduodenal arteries

Front 167

the splenic artery of the pancraes donaes numerous small arteries known as

Back 167

pancreatics

Front 168

innervated by the branch of the celiac plexus

Back 168

pancreas

Front 169

he glandular protion of the pancreas receives parasymp or symp innervation

Back 169

parasymp

Front 170

the pancretaic blood vessels reeive symp or parasymp innervsation

Back 170

symp

Front 171

this organ is wrapped in tough fibrous casule and covered by visceral peritoneum

Back 171

liver

Front 172

separates the liver into right ad left lobes

Back 172

falciform ligament becomes round ligament or legamentum teres

Front 173

remnant of the umbilical cord

Back 173

ligamentum teres or round ligament a fibrous band

Front 174

other two lobes of the liver

Back 174

caudate and quadrate

Front 175

form irregular plates that are one cell lyaer thik and are arranged like awagon wheel around the central vien. sinusoids between the plates empty into the central vein

Back 175

heapocytes

Front 176

a typical lobule is hexagonal with six blanks at the corners

Back 176

portal areas or hepatic triads

Front 177

contains a branch of the hepatic portal vein, a branch of the hepatic artery, and small branch of the bile duct in each of these

Back 177

portal areas or hepatic triads of the liver

Front 178

this is produced by adjacent hepatocytes and flows thorugh a bile canaliculus to the bile duct

Back 178

bile

Front 179

consists of bilirubin choesterol and varios lipids knowns as bile salts

Back 179

bilirubin

Front 180

buffers he acidic chyme as it enters the duodenum and emulsifies lipis

Back 180

bile

Front 181

phagoctyic cells remove old or damaged RBC cellular debris and pathogens

Back 181

liver

Front 182

synhthesize plasma proteins that contribute to the osmotic concentration of blood transport nutients and etablish the clotting and complement systems

Back 182

liver cells

Front 183

these line the sinusoids and are large number of phagocytic cells in the liver

Back 183

kupffer cells

Front 184

rgulates systemic circulating levels of carbs amino acids and lipis

Back 184

liver

Front 185

symp innervation in the liver comes from the

Back 185

thoracolumbar nerves through the celiac ganglia

Front 186

the sphincter surrounding the common bile duct and pancreatic duct

Back 186

sphinterfoddi

Front 187

intraperitoneal organs and mesenteries
LSITS

Back 187

liver
stomach
ileum
transverse colon
sigmoid colon

Front 188

retroperitoneal organs no mesenteries
PRADD

Back 188

pancrease
rectum
ascending colon
descending colon
uodenum

Front 189

mesentery is falciform ligament and lesser omentum

Back 189

liver

Front 190

mesentery is greater and less omentum

Back 190

stomach

Front 191

mesentery is mesentery proper

Back 191

ileum and jejunum

Front 192

mesentery is transverse mesocolon

Back 192

transverse colon

Front 193

mesentery is sigmoid mesocolon

Back 193

sigmoidcolin

Front 194

is deeper within the kidney and has darker striped appearance

Back 194

medullary layer

Front 195

the medulla is composed of 6-18 conical renal pyramids the base of each pyramid faces the cortex

Back 195

renal pyramids

Front 196

the rounded apex of each pyramid projects into the renal sinus

Back 196

papilla of the medullary layer

Front 197

what are the a-g layers of the medullary layer

Back 197

renal pyramids
papilla
minor calyx
major calyx
renal pelvis
renal columns
renal lobe

Front 198

ducts within each renal papilla disharge urine into a cup shaped drain

Back 198

minor calyx

Front 199

foud or five minor clyces merge to form a major calyx

Back 199

major calyx

Front 200

union of the 4-6 calyces

Back 200

renal pelvis

Front 201

adjacent renal pyramids are separated by bands of cortical tissue

Back 201

renal columns

Front 202

consists or a renal pyramid the overlying area of the cortex and adjacent renal columns

Back 202

renal lobe

Front 203

originates along the lateal surface of the abdominal aorta just inferior tot the superor mesenteric artery each kidney usually recieves about 1200 ml of blood

Back 203

renal artery

Front 204

the renal artery divides within the renal sinus into segmental arteries that supply several lobes

Back 204

segmental artery (lobar arteries_

Front 205

rename segmental arteries

Back 205

lobar arteries

Front 206

segmental artieres further divide into interlobar arteries taht radiate peripherlaly penetrating the renal capsule and extending though the reanl columns and between the renal pyramnids

Back 206

interlobar arteries

Front 207

supplied by the interlobar arteries the arcuate arteries parallel the boundary beween the cortex and medulla gibinh rise to the interlobular arters

Back 207

arcuate arteries

Front 208

supplie portions of the adjacent renal lobe

Back 208

interlobular arteries

Front 209

will transport blood to ball shaped capillary metworks wihtin a glomerulus within the glomerulus fenestrated capillaries produce an essentially protein free filtrate that is otherwise similar to plasma

Back 209

afferent arterioles

Front 210

collect the sstill oxygentated blood from the glomerular capillaries and flows into peritubular capillaries around the convoluted tubules

Back 210

efferent arteries

Front 211

capillaries surroundign the ascendigna nd descending tubules from these capillaries the blood is drained into viens that parallel the ateries

Back 211

vasa recta

Front 212

the kidneys and ureters are innervated by the

Back 212

renal nerves

Front 213

renal nerves are primarily blank symp fibers fromthe superior mesenteric ganglion

Back 213

postganglionic

Front 214

regulation of the glomerular blood flow and pressure thoruh ghte regulation of afferent and efferent arterioles stimulation of the rewenin relase direct stimulation of water and soldium ion reabsorption

Back 214

function sof the kidneys and ureters as innervated by the postganglionic symp fibers from the superior mesenteric ganglion

Front 215

filters blood empties into tubule

Back 215

renal corpuscle or glomerulus

Front 216

rename renal corpuscle

Back 216

glomerulus

Front 217

filtrate glood becomes urine where

Back 217

the tubular system

Front 218

85% of nephrons are this kind of nephron and are located almost enteirly within the cortex. their loops of henle onl dip a short distance into the medulla they perform more of the secretory and reabsoprptive funcitons

Back 218

cortical nephrons

Front 219

the other typeof nephron lies near the cortex medullary junction they deeply invade the medulla and have much longer loops allowing the kidney to produce concentrated urine

Back 219

juxtamedullary

Front 220

the initial spherical structure containing the glomerulus

Back 220

bowmans' capsule