Anatomy Unit 4

Front 1

Name the 33 vertebrae

Back 1

- Cervical 7

- Thoracic 12

- Lumber 5

- Sacral 5

- Coccygeal 4

Front 2

define intervertebral disks

define annulus fibrosus

define nucleus pulposus

Back 2

Intervertebral disks: Permit limited movement between vertebrae (amphiarthrosis joint)

Annulus fibrosus: tough exterior of intervertebral disk, gives strength

Nucleus pulposus: inner core of intervertebral disc, distributes pressure

Front 3

Spinal curvature due to:

Back 3

shape of the disk, not vertebrae bodies

Front 4

Four curvatures in the adult vertebral column

(Cervical, Thoracic,Lumbar, Sacral)

Back 4

• Cervical C2-T2 – concave posteriorly

• Thoracic T2-T12 –concave anteriorly

• Lumbar T12-L5 –concave posteriorly

• Sacral S1-coccyx –concave anteriorly

Front 5

Abnormal Curvature

-Kyphosis

-Lordosis

-Scoliosis

Back 5

-Kyphosis: exaggerated rounding of the back

-Lordosis: exaggerated inward curving of the back

-Scoliosis: sideways curvature of the spine

Front 6

Vertebrae Structures

-Body

-Vertebral arch

-Transverse process

-Pedicle

-Laminae

-Spinous process

-Vertebrate foramen

Back 6

Front 7

Vertebrate foramen vs intervertebrate foramen

Back 7

• Vertebrate foramen – transmit spinal cord, meninges and vessels

• Intervertebrate foramen– transmit spinal nerves

Front 8

Cervical Vertebrae (7)

-Size

-Transverse foramen function

-Spinous process characteristic

-7th spinous process characteristic

Back 8

-Increasing size going toward thoracic region

-Transverse foramen transmits vertebral artery

-Spinous Processes are angled down; bifid

-7th s. process is prominent and horizontal

Front 9

C1 - Atlas (most superior vertebra)

-does it have body/spinous process?

-articulates with:

-Assists with:

-Does it have intervertebral disk?

Back 9

-No body or spinous process

-Articulates with condyles of occipital bone (back of skull)

-Assists with flexion and extension (shake yes)

-No intervertebral disk

Front 10

C2 - Axis

-unique structure

-Articulation

-Assists with:

Back 10

-Possesses odontoid process or dens

-art. with atlas - atlantoaxial joint

-assists with rotation (shake head no)

Front 11

Thoracic (12) vs lumbar (5) vertebrae

Back 11

-Lumbar is lower and thus has a larger body.

-Thoracic has longer transverse process for articulation with ribs.

Front 12

-Sacral Promontory

-Median Sacral crest

-Sacroiliac articulate process (alae)

Back 12

-Inwardly projecting anterior part of the body of 1st sacral vertebra

-Fusion of the spinous process of the sacral vertebral segments

-Fused transverse and costal processes

Front 13

-Anterior and posterior sacral foramina

-sacral hiatus

Back 13

-Anterior and posterior sacral foramina: transmit sacral spinal nerves

-Sacral hiatus: opening of vertebral canal on the dorsal surface of sacrum due to failure of 5th sacral lamina to form

Front 14

-Sacral cornua:

-Caudal anesthesia:

Back 14

-Sacral cornua: lateral margin of sacral hiatus; due to no sacral pedicles

-Caudal anesthesia: Anesthetic injected into caudal canal

Front 15

Muscles of Vertebra

-Splenius

-Erector spinae

-Transversospinalis

Back 15

-Splenius: superficial layer; extends head

-Erector spinae: middle layer; extends flexed trunk

-Transversospinalis: deep layer; extend the back

Front 16

Muscles that connect axial skeleton to upper limbs, and control limb movement

Back 16

Trapezius, latissimus dorsi, rhomboids

Front 17

-Iliopsoas assists with:

-Quadratus lumborum assists with:

Back 17

-Iliopsoas: flex the trunk (only muscle of the back that does so)

-Quadratus lumborum: extension and lateral flexion, helps respiration

Front 18

Diaphragm

-Costal portion

-Sternal portion

-Lumber portion

-central tendon

Back 18

-Costal portion: ribs

-Sternal portion: xiphoid process

-Lumber portion: medial and lateral arcuate ligaments

-Central tendon: central part of diaphragm

Front 19

-Opening in the diaphragm for:

-Innervated by:

Back 19

-Has opening of aortic, esophageal, and IVC openings

-Innervated by phrenic nerve (C3-C5)

Front 20

-Location of spinal cord:

-Spinal cord extends from:

-Spinal cord terminates at:

Back 20

-located at upper 2/3 of vertebral canal of vertebral body

-Extends from foramen magnum at base of the skull

-Terminates as conus medullaris at the caudal level of the first lumber vertebra (L1)

Front 21

-Where is cervical enlargement, and what does it do?

-Where is lumbosacral enlargement, and what does it do?

Back 21

-Cervical enlargement (C5-T1)

-innervates upper limbs

-Lumbosacral enlargement (L1-S2)

-innervates lower limbs

Front 22

Cauda equina:

Back 22

-terminal lumbar and sacral nerves

-compression leads to serious pain.

Front 23

Gray matter vs. white matter

Back 23

Gray matter: H-shaped at the center; houses neuron cell bodies

White matter: at the periphery; contains myelinated axons

Front 24

Spinal Meninges

-Pia mater

-Arachnoid

-Dura mater

Back 24

-Pia mater: attached to spinal cord, supplies blood, terminates as filum terminale

-Arachnoid: middle layer

-Dura mater: outermost meninges layer. Does not fuse with periosteum (outer bone CT)

Front 25

-Subarachoid space

-Subdural space

Back 25

-Subarachoid space: between pia mater and arachnoid. Contains cerebrospinal fluid

-Subdural space: between dura mater and arachnoid layer

Front 26

Epidural space

Back 26

-Epidural space: between periosteum and dura mater

Front 27

-lumbar tap

-Spinal anesthesia

-difference between epidural and spinal anesthesia

Back 27

-Lumbar tap: inserting needle between L3-4 or L4-5

-Spinal anesthesia: between L3-4 or L4-5

-Epidural anesthesia is safer than spinal anesthesia; not as deep.

Front 28

Pectoral Region is the?

-What is it made up of?

Back 28

-Shoulder

-Made up of the scapula and clavicle

Front 29

Brachium is the?

-What is it made up of?

Back 29

-Arm

-Humerus

Front 30

Antebrachium is the?

-What is it made up of?

Back 30

-Forearm

-Made up of radius and ulna

Front 31

The only point of attachment between upper limbs and thoracic region

Back 31

Sternoclavicular joint

(articulation between manubrium and clavicle)

Front 32

acromioclavicular joint

glenohumeral joint

Back 32

articulation between:

-clavicle and scapula

-scapula and humerus

(scapula is the glenoid cavity)

Front 33

sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joint

-Muscles (Sals Ptr) (salsa peter)

-assists with

Back 33

-Serratus anterior, Latissmus dorsi, sternomastoid, pectoralis, trapezius, rhombids

-Assists with: elevation/depression, protraction/retraction, rotation.

Front 34

Glenohumeral Joint

-Muscles (dts - delts)

-Assists with:

Back 34

-Deltoid, teres, spinatus muscles

-Assists with: Abduction/adduction, flexion/extension, arm rotation

Front 35

Axillary Structures

-Arteries and veins

-lymphatic drainage

Back 35

-Subclavian, axillary, and brachial arteries and veins

-Subclavian artery branches: vertebral, internal thoracic, thyrocervical

-Axillary nodes

Front 36

Brachial Plexus

-network of nerves sends signals to:

Back 36

(C5-T1)

-shoulder, arm, and hand

(axillary, musculocutaneous, median, ulnar, and radial nerves)

Front 37

Humerus: head, tuberosites, intertubercular groove, lateral and medial epicondyles

Ulna: olecranon process, shaft

Radius: head, shaft

Back 37

Front 38

Arm Anterior Compartment

-muscles (bbc)

-Assists with

-Innervation

Back 38

-bicep brachii, brachialis, coracobrachialis

-Flexor of the forearm

-musculocutaneous nerve

Front 39

Arm Posterior Compartment

-muscles (TA)

-assists with

-innervation

Back 39

-Triceps brachii and anconeus

-Assists with Extention of the forearm

-Radial nerve

Front 40

Elbow articulation

-Humeroulnar assists with, reinforcement

-Humeroradial assists with, reinforcement

-Radioulnar assists with, reinforcement

Back 40

-Flexion/extension, reinforced by ulnar collateral ligament

-Flexion/extension, reinforced by radial collateral ligament

-pronation/supination, reinforced by annular ligament and interosseous membrane.

Front 41

Cubital Fossa

Back 41

-Depression on anterior aspect of elbow

-containing neurovascular structures

-artery splits into radial and ulnar

Front 42

Vasculature of Arm

-Main with branches

-Deep and Superficial veins

Back 42

-Brachial artery-> radial and ulnar arteries

-Deep veins follow arteries

-Superficial veins: cephalic and basilic join to form median cubital vein

Front 43

Innervation of Arm

Back 43

Musculocutaneous nerve: runs thru lateral epicondyle

Radial nerve: runs thru radial groove of humerus

Median nerve: runs medial to brachial artery

Ulnar nerve: runs along medial epicondyle

Front 44

Forearm Contents

-Does ulna articulate with wrist?

Back 44

Radius, ulna, carpal bones, wrist joint (radiocarpal), radioulnar joint (by elbow).

-No

Front 45

Deep antebrachial fascia

Back 45

Divide the forearm into flexor and extensor

Front 46

Extensor retinaculum

Flexor retinaculum

Palm fascia

Back 46

-Posterior forearm

-Anterior forearm

-Palmaris apponeurosis, very thick

Front 47

Forearm Posterior Compartment Superior Layer

-Musculature

-Assists with

-Innervated

Back 47

-Extensor carpi radialis, extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor digitorum

-Assists with extending the hand

-innervated by radial nerve

Front 48

Forearm Posterior Compartment Deep Layer

-Musculature

-Assists with

-Innervated

Back 48

-Supinator, Abductor pollicis, Extensor pollicis, extensor indicis (pointer finger)

-Assists with supinate forearm, abduct and extend the thumb

-Radial nerve

Front 49

Forearm Anterior Compartment Superficial and intermediate layers

-Musculature

-Assists with

-Innervation

Back 49

-Flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, palmaris longus, pronator teres, flexor digitorum superficialis

-Assists with: Flexing the hand and proximal phalanges, and pronation of forearm

-Median nerve

Front 50

Forearm Anterior Compartment Deep Layer

-Musculature

-Assists with

-Innervation

Back 50

-Flexor digitorum profundus, flexor pollicis longus

-Assists flexion of distal phalanges and thumb

-Ulnar nerve (Madian nerve)

Front 51

Antebrachial Vasculature

-Arteries

-Deep vein

-Superficial vein

Back 51

-Radial and ulner artery

-Deep vein follows artery names

-Superficial veins: cephalic, basilic, and median antebrachial

Front 52

Radial nerve

-supplies:

-Injury causes:

Back 52

-supplies the extensors (posterior)

-Injury leads to wrist drop, and pronation of forearm

Front 53

Median nerve

-Supplies:

-Injury causes:

Back 53

-Supplies the flexors (anterior)

-Injury leads to poor flexion of wrist, weak opposition and abduction of thumb, supination of forearm

Front 54

Ulnar Nerve

-Supplies:

-Injury causes:

Back 54

-Supplies flexor carpi ulnaris, pinkie finger

-Injury lead to weak adduction and flexion

Front 55

Neurocranium vs Viscerocranium

Back 55

-Neurocranium: (calvaria and base) the bones that have direct contact with the brain.

- Viscerocranium (Facial cranium): those that do not make direct contact with the brain

Front 56

Suture locations

-Coronal

-Sagittal

-Lambdoid

-Squamos

Between...

Back 56

-Coronal: frontal and parietal

-Sagittal: two parietal bones

-Lambdoid: parietal and occipital

-Squamos: temporal and parietal

Front 57

-Define fontanelles

-When does anterior and posterior fontanelle close?

Back 57

-Infant’s cranial bones are connected by flexible areas of dense regular connective tissue.

-Anterior: ossified 15 months

-Posterior: ossified 9 months

Front 58

Face and scalp supplied by ____ artery

Back 58

external carotid

Front 59

Cerebrum: (diencephalon) Thalamus, subthalamus and hypothalamus

Back 59

Front 60

Brainstem

-Midbrain

-Pons

-Medulla Oblongata

Back 60

Front 61

Subarachnoid space of brain filled with:

Back 61

CSF: cerebralspinal fluid

Front 62

CSF Circulation

Back 62

Lateral ventricles-> 3rd vent. -> 4th vent. (via cerabral aqueduct)-> subarachnoid space-> subdural sinuses and venous circulation

Front 63

Hydrocephalus

Back 63

abnormal accumulation of CSF in the brain, especially in children it will cause enlargement of head when sutures of skull are still open.

Front 64

-Define longitudinal fissure

-Lobes

Back 64

- Divides left and right cerebral hemispheres.

Front 65

Corpus callosum:

Back 65

connects the two hemispheres

Front 66

Gray matter:

White matter:

Cerebral nuclei:

Back 66

Gray matter: outer surface, houses neuron cell bodies

White matter: deep to gray matter, myelinated axons

Cerebral nuclei: discrete regions of gray matter deep to white matter. Origin of tremors

Front 67

Frontal lobe responsible for:

Damage leads to:

Back 67

-motor movement, speech, cognition (thinking, decision making, planning), personality

-Damage= paralysis and asphasia (disorder affecting speech and language)

Front 68

Parietal lobe responsible for:

Damage leads to:

Back 68

-general sensory function

-damage= parathesias (pins and needles feeling), inability to identify objects by feeling.

Front 69

Occipital lobe responsible for:

Damage leads to:

Back 69

-Primary visual area

-damage= visual defect

Front 70

Temporal lobe responsible for:

Insular lobe responsible for:

Back 70

Temporal: memory and audition

Insular: autonomic nervous system

Front 71

Limbic lobe responsible for:

damage leads to:

Back 71

-olfaction (smell), emotions and interpretations of taste

-damage= very strange behavior (happy parents died).

Front 72

What artery supplies frontal and parietal lobes?

What artery supplies lateral surface?

What artery supplies occipital lobe?

Back 72

-anterior cerebral artery

-middle cerebral artery

-Posterior cerebral artery

Front 73

Circle of Wilis

Back 73

communication between internal carotid and vertebral arteries

Front 74

All cerebral arteries run in the ___ space

Veins run in ___ and ____ space

Back 74

-subarachnoid space

-arachnoid and subdural space

Front 75

Subarachnoid hemorrhage:

Cerebral hemorrhage:

Subdural hematoma:

Back 75

-bleeding in subarachnoid space in brain

-cerebral artery bursts and bleeding leads to stroke

-pooling of blood in subdural space of brain.

Front 76

Eye Ball

-Outer layer:

-Contents

Back 76

-Fibrous tunic

-Sclera (whites of eye) and cornea (transparent)

Front 77

Eye Ball

-Middle layer:

-Contents:

Back 77

-Vascular tunic (uvea)

-Choroid, ciliary body and process, iris (eye color), pupil

Front 78

pupil muscles

Back 78

-pupillary constrictor

-pupillary dilator

Front 79

Eye Ball

-inner layer:

-contents:

Back 79

-Inner layer

-Retina, blind spot (optic disc), macula lutea (lateral to blind spot), lens

Front 80

Functions and innervation

Levator palpebrae

superior rectus

Back 80

-elevate eyelid - CN 3

-movement up and medially - CN 3

Front 81

Function and innervation

Inferior rectus

Medial rectus

Back 81

-movement down and medial - CN 3

-movement medially - CN 3

Front 82

Function and innervation

lateral rectus

superior oblique

inferior oblique

Back 82

-movement laterally - CN 6

-movement down and laterally - CN 4

-movement up and laterally - CN 3

Front 83

Tongue

Contents:

Back 83

-contains intrinsic and extrinsic muscles

-taste buds and lingual papillae

Front 84

Pituitary gland

Salivary gland

Back 84

Pituitary: base of skull, "master gland"

Salivary: secrete saliva. Example: parotid gland

Front 85

Neck

-bony structures

Back 85

Cervical vertebrae, hyoid bone, manubrium, clavicles.

Front 86

Vasculature of neck

-carotid arteries, what do they supply?

Back 86

-external carotid artery: supply face and neck viscera

-internal carotid artery: supply brain

-internal and external jugular veins

Front 87

Nasopharynx

Back 87

-opening of auditory tubes

-posterior wall houses single pharyngeal tonsil called adenoids

Front 88

Oropharynx

Back 88

-contains palatine and lingual tonsils

Front 89

Laryngopharynx

Back 89

starts inferior to hyoid bone

Front 90

Larynx

-supported by cartilages:

-contains:

Back 90

-thyroid cartilage (Adam's apple), cricoid cartilage

-Contains vocal folds

Front 91

Thyroid Gland

-Location

-Produces

Back 91

-inferior to thyroid cartilage and anterior to trachea

-Produces thyroxin (regulates metabolism) and thyrocalcitotin (decrease calcium levels)

Front 92

Parathyroid gland

-location

-produces

Back 92

-4 small glands on posterior surface of thyroid

-Secretes parathryroid hormone (PTH) -increases calcium levels.