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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Dermatoglyphics
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ridges in the epidermis
formation of fingerprints |
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Characteristics of the Epidermis
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keratinized epithelium
regenerative, basal layer avascular few nerve terminals dermatoglyphics |
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Characteristics of the Dermis
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highly vascular
contains collagen and elastic fibers langer lines- predominant orientation of collagen fibers hemaglobin and cyanoglobin |
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Langer Lines
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lines of collagen orientation
in incision, always cut with the collagen fibers to prevent gaping |
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Smooth Arrector Muscles
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muscles raising the hair follicles
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Periderm
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fetal skin layer
outer layer of squamous epithelia |
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Vernix Caseosa
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sebaceous gland secretions paired with the periderm
held together with LANUGO HAIRS (in earlier development) or coarser hairs perinatally |
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Lanugo Hairs
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12th week of development
holds the vernix caseosa to the fetus replaced with coarser hairs perinatally |
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Where does the skin develop from?
(epidermis, dermis, melanocytes) |
epidermis = ectoderm
dermis = mesoderm (lateral somatic mesoderm = dermatomes of somites) melanocytes = neural crest |
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Tela subcutanea
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loose connective tissue layer between dermis and deep muscle fascia
contains stored fat, sweat glands, blood, and lymphatic tissues |
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Retinacula cutis
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skin ligaments that extend through the tela subcutanea and attach to the dermis
suspensory ligaments of hte breast tissue |
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Diarthroses
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highly mobile joints
ie. synovial joints |
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Synovial Joints
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highly mobile
includes joint capsule, and synovial fluid, bones are covered with cartilidge at the ends |
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Synarthrotic Joints
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generally less mobile
A- fibrous joints B- cartilaginous joints |
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Fibrous Joints
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A- Syndesmoses- widely seperated bones united via sheet of fibrous connective tissue
B- Suture- structures held close together with fibrous tissue C- Gomphosis- socket joint (ir. teeth) |
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Syndesmosis
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widely separated boned connected via a sheet of connective tissue
ie. radius and ulna synarthrotic joint |
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Gomphosis
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socket joint
dentoalveolar synarthrotic joint |
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Suture
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bones held closely together via fibrous tissue
ie. skull bones synarthrotic joint |
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Cartilagenous joints
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A- Primary / Synchrondoses: present in developing fetal and postnatal bones (epiphesial plates) allows for growth of long bones
B- Secondary / Symphyses: united by fibrocartilage, slightly moveable (ie, pubic symphyses) |
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Synchrondoses
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synarthrotic, Cartilagenous joints
epipheseal plates |
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Symphyses
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very slightly movable cartilagenous joints
synarthrotic think pubic symphyses |
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Superficial Muscle Group of the Back
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associated with movements of hte upper limb
trapezius, latissimus dorsi, levator scapulae, rhomboid major and minor all except the trapezius innervated by the VENTRAL PRIMARY RAMI of spinal nerves |
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Intermediate Muscle Group of te Back
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associated with respiration
serratus posterior superior, serratus posterior inferior innervated by VENTRAL PRIMARY RAMI |
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Deep Muscle Group of the Back
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"true" muscle of the back / move vertebral column
innervated by DORSAL PRIMARY RAMI |
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Errector Spinae
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lateral
ILIOCOSTALIS LONGISSIMUS SPINALIS medial |
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Cervical Vertebrae
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7
small with bifid spinous process (except C7) foramen in traverse process triangular vertebral foramen |
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Thoracic Vertebrae
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12
costal facets on body for rib articulation circular vertebral foramen broad laminae long spinous process slopes inferiorly demifacet for rib head |
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Lumbar Vertebrae
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5
largest body with thick pedicles long, slender traverse processes vertebral foramen flattened spinous process short and blunt |
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Sacrum
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5 pieces fused
lateral articulation for ilium |
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Coccyx
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4 pieces fused
bodies only, no pedicles |
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Cervical Vertebrae
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7 cervical vertebrae
-small, spious process short and bifid (except C7) -foramen in transverse process -triangular vertebral foramen |
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Thoracic Vertebrae
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12 thoracic vertebrae
-costal facets on body |
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Primary and Secondary curvatures
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Primary- curve of the cervical vert., arises when baby can lift head
Secondary- curve of the lumbar vet, arises when walking |
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transverse processes
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only in cervical vert.
holes on the sides of the body |
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where are the: anterior/ posterior longitudnal ligaments, ligamentum flavum, interspinous ligament, supraspinatus ligament
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Diagram:
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Zygaopohyseal Joints
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plane synovial joints between superior / inferior articular facets of adjacent vertebrae
4 per vertebra PRIMARY: fibrous articular capsule |
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Intervertebral Disks
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internal is the nucleous pulposus
external is the anulus fibrosus |
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Splondylolisthesis
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lower lumbar (usually L5) moves anteriorly on body of inferior vertebrae
can pull on spinal cord; generally defect of the lamina |
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sacralization of L5
lumbarization of S1 |
self-explanatory
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Meninges
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Dura mater
Epidural space Subdural space |
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Dura mater
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outer external tough sheath, continuous with the eningeal layer of the cranial dura mater at the foramen magnum and ending in a sac at S2
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Epidural space
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conatains fat, loose connective tissue and a venous plexus
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Subdural space
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potential space
only a thin fluid film |
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lumbar cistern
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L1-S2
arachnoid lines the dura mater beyond the end of the spinal cord and terminates, creating a compartment called the lumbar cistern |
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filum terminale
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an extension of the pia
extens fro mteh apex of the conus medullaris to S2 filium terminale externum fuses with the dura mater and extends to the first coccegeal vert. |
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denticulate ligaments
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tiny projections of the pia mater to the dura
together with the filum terminale will stabalize the spinal cord |
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conus medullaris
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cone shaped end of the spinal cord
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