Anatomy Test #4 Blood

Front 1

Blood is classified as what in the body?

Back 1

A connective tissue

Front 2

Components of blood

Back 2

Living cells (formed elements) and Non-living matrix (plasma)

Front 3

What are formed elements?

Back 3

Cells and platelets in blood

Front 4

What does centrifuged blood look like?

Back 4

RBCs sinkk to bottom, buffy coat in the middle, and Plasma rises to the top

Front 5

Buffy Coat

Back 5

A whitish thin layer between the RBCs and Plasma in centrifuged blood. Composed of Leukocytes and platelets

Front 6

Hematocrit

Back 6

Percent of red blood cells by volume

Front 7

Erythrocytes

Back 7

Red Blood Cells

Front 8

Leukocytes

Back 8

White Blood Cells

Front 9

Physical Characteristics of Blood

Back 9

1. Color range
2. pH must remain between 7.35-7.45
3. Blood temp. is 100.4
4. Blood volume is 5-6 liters
5.Blood makes up 8% of body weight

Front 10

Color range of blood

Back 10

Oxygen rich blood is scarlet red, oxygen poor blood is dull red

Front 11

Blood plasma composition

Back 11

90% water, nutrients, salts, gasses, hormones, proteins, waste products

Front 12

Function of nutrients in plasma

Back 12

small molecules used for building blocks and energy blocks

Front 13

Salts (electrolytes) in plasma

Back 13

Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, bicarbonate, and Chloride

Front 14

Respiratory gasses in plasma

Back 14

Small amount of Oxygen, Large amount of Carbon Dioxide

Front 15

Plasma Protein characteristics

Back 15

Most abundant solutes in plasma, made by the liver,

Front 16

Types of plasma proteins

Back 16

Albumin, clotting proteins, antibodies

Front 17

Albumin

Back 17

Plasma protein that regulates osmotic pressure, carries lipids

Front 18

Clotting Proteins

Back 18

Found in plasma, help to stem blood loss when a blood vessel is injured

Front 19

Antibodies

Back 19

Found in plasma, help protect the body from pathogens

Front 20

Osmotic pressure of blood

Back 20

Keeps water in plasma rather then losing water to tissues

Front 21

Waste products in plasma

Back 21

Urea, uric acid, ammonia, creatinine. Produced constantly, end up excreted in urine

Front 22

Fibrinogen

Back 22

most common clotting protein

Front 23

Globulin

Back 23

Most common antibody

Front 24

Acidosis

Back 24

When blood becomes too acidic (helps restore blood pH to normal when it becomes too basic)

Front 25

Alkalosis

Back 25

Blood becomes too basic (helps restore blood pH to normal when it becomes too acidic)

Front 26

Function of erythrocytes

Back 26

main function is to carry oxygen

Front 27

Anatomy of erythrocytes

Back 27

Biconcave disks, essentially bags of hemoglobin, no nucleus (lost during development), contain very few organelles

Front 28

Hemoglobin

Back 28

Iron-containing protein, each hemoglobin has four oxygen binding sites

Front 29

Anemia

Back 29

A decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood

Front 30

Sickle cell anemia

Back 30

Results from abnormally shared hemoglobin, doesn't carry oxygen well

Front 31

Polycythemia

Back 31

An excessive or abnormal increase in the number of erythrocytes

Front 32

Iron-deficiency anemia

Back 32

Need iron in our diets to make hemoglobin, can be caused in women by menses

Front 33

Pernicious anemia

Back 33

Inability to absorb vitamin B12

Front 34

Adaptive polycythemia

Back 34

Normal increase in red blood cells, needed during pregnancy, change in altitude, and during smoking

Front 35

Polycythemia vera

Back 35

Due to bone marrow cancer, can lead to anemia

Front 36

How leukocytes work

Back 36

Move in and out of blood vessels, move by ameboid motion, can respond to chemicals released by damaging tissues

Front 37

Immune cells

Back 37

Act to destroy bacteria, viruses, cancerous cells, cellular debris, foreign particles, dead cells

Front 38

Diapedesis

Back 38

Moving out of blood vessels into tissues

Front 39

Ameboid motion

Back 39

moving like an ameoba

Front 40

Chemotaxis

Back 40

movement of cells in response to a chemical signal

Front 41

Leukocytosis

Back 41

Too many white blood cells, this generally indicates an infection

Front 42

Leukopenia

Back 42

Abnormally low white blood cell count, caused by corticosteroids and anticancer agents

Front 43

Leukemia

Back 43

Bone marrow becomes cancerous, turns out excess white blood cells, the white blood cells are malformed and nonfunctional so the immune system begins to fail.

Front 44

Types of leukocytes

Back 44

Granulocytes and Agranulocytes

Front 45

Granulocytes

Back 45

Include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. They posses lobed nuclei and visible granules

Front 46

Agranulocytes

Back 46

Include lymphocytes and monocytes. Nuclei are spherical, lack visible granules

Front 47

Neutrophils

Back 47

Function as phagocytes at active sites of infection, they increase during infection. Account for almost half of WBCs

Front 48

Eosinophils

Back 48

Function to kill parasitic worms, emit toxic compounds which initiate general inflammation response

Front 49

Basophils

Back 49

Release histamine at sites of inflammation, contain heparin

Front 50

Histamine

Back 50

Dilates blood vessels makes blood vessels leaky, calls for other WBCs

Front 51

Heparin

Back 51

Anticoagulent (stops clotting)

Front 52

Lymphocytes

Back 52

Functions as part of the immune response, include B and T lymphocytes

Front 53

B Lymphocytes

Back 53

Produce antibodies to foreign particles

Front 54

T Lymphocytes

Back 54

"Killer T cells" Phagocytes that have chemical weapons such as hydrogen peroxide, they mature in the thymus

Front 55

Monocytes

Back 55

Largest of the WBC, function as macrophages, important in fighting chronic infection

Front 56

Platelets

Back 56

Derived from ruptured multinucleated cells, needed for clotting in blood

Front 57

Hematopoiesis

Back 57

Formation of all formed elements in blood,BC formation, Occurs in red bone marrow

Front 58

Hemocytoblast

Back 58

Stem cell that all blood cells are derived from

Front 59

Hemocytoblast differentiation

Back 59

Lymphoid stem cell produces lymphocytes, myeloid stem cell produces all other formed elements

Front 60

Wearing out of RBC

Back 60

They are unable to divide or grow so they wear out in 100 to 120 days. When worn out RBC are eliminated by phagocytes in the spleen or liver. They are replaced by division of hemocytoblasts in the red bone marrow

Front 61

What happens to old red blood cells?

Back 61

They get stuck in capillaries in the spleen or liver and are broken down by macrophages, these broken down parts are recycled into mostly hemoglobin

Front 62

How is red blood cell production controlled?

Back 62

The rate is controlled by the protein erythropoietin, the homeostasis is maintained by negative feedback from blood oxygen levels

Front 63

Erythropoietin

Back 63

Produced by the kidneys in response to reduced oxygen levels in the blood, it is a hormone that regulates erythrocyte production

Front 64

Colony stimulating factors

Back 64

promote bone marrow to generate leukocytes

Front 65

Thrombopoietin

Back 65

stimulates production of platelets

Front 66

Interleukins

Back 66

promote bone marrow to generate leukocytes

Front 67

3 Phases of blood homeostasis

Back 67

Vascular spasms, Platelet plug formation, Coagulation

Front 68

Fibrinolysis

Back 68

The breaking down of a blood clot after tissue repair

Front 69

Homeostasis of blood

Back 69

Stoppage of bleeding when there is a break in a blood vessel, blood usually clots with 6min

Front 70

Plasmin

Back 70

Enzyme that tears apart fiber mesh in clotting

Front 71

Thrombus

Back 71

A clot in an unbroken blood vessel, can be deadly in areas like the heart

Front 72

Embolus

Back 72

A thrombus that breaks away and floats freely in the bloodstream. Can later clog vessels in critical areas such as the brain (stroke), heart (heart attack), or lungs (pulmonary embolism)

Front 73

Thrombocytopenia

Back 73

A platelet deficiency, result is normal movements causing bleeding from small blood vessels that require platelets for clotting

Front 74

Hemophilia

Back 74

Hereditary bleeding disorder, normal clotting factors are missing

Front 75

Blood loss symptoms

Back 75

15-30% loss causes weakness, 30% or more causes shock

Front 76

How blood is typed

Back 76

By certain antibodies that attach to antigens

Front 77

Agglutination

Back 77

blood proteins clumping

Front 78

Rh factor

Back 78

Protein found in plasma, either positive or negative if you have the protein you are positive if you don't you're negative

Front 79

Sites of blood cell formation

Back 79

Red bone marrow, liver, and spleen

Front 80

Physiologic jaundice

Back 80

Occurs in infants when the liver can not rid the body of hemoglobin breakdown products fast enough