Anatomy Test #3 The Central Nervous System

Front 1

Functions of the nervous system

Back 1

sensory output, integration, motor output

Front 2

Sensory output

Back 2

Gathering information, monitors stimuli occurring inside and outside of the body

Front 3

Integration

Back 3

To process and interpret sensory input and decide if action is needed

Front 4

Motor output

Back 4

Response to integrated stimuli, sends signals that activate muscles and glands

Front 5

Organs of the Central Nervous System

Back 5

Brain and spinal cord

Front 6

Function of the Central Nervous System

Back 6

Integration (command center), Interpret incoming sensory information, Issues outgoing instructions

Front 7

Sensory (afferent) division

Back 7

nerve fibers TO the brain and spinal cord

Front 8

Motor (efferent) division

Back 8

Nerve fibers that carry impulses AWAY from the central nervous system to glands and muscles (effectors)

Front 9

Two subdivisions of the motor division

Back 9

Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

Front 10

Somatic nervous system

Back 10

Voluntary system, consciously controls skeletal muscles

Front 11

Autonomic Nervous system

Back 11

Involuntary system, automatically controls smooth and cardiac muscles or glands

Front 12

Subdivisions of autonomic nervous system

Back 12

Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

Front 13

Sympathetic division

Back 13

used and activated during unusual stimuli (creates fight or flight response)

Front 14

What creates fight or flight response?

Back 14

Sympathetic division

Front 15

Parasympathetic division

Back 15

Dominates most of the time (rest and digest)

Front 16

Support cells

Back 16

Grouped together in the CNS as neuroglia

Front 17

General function of support cells

Back 17

Support, Insulate, and Protect neurons

Front 18

Astrocytes

Back 18

Abundant star-shaped cells, physical support for neuron. They control the chemical environment of the brain

Front 19

Function of astrocytes

Back 19

Allows nutrients to be carried to neurons but makes sure that neurons don't come into contact with capillaries or blood

Front 20

Microglia

Back 20

Spiderlike phagocytes that dispose of debris and have the ability to attack infectious disease

Front 21

Support cell of nervous tissue

Back 21

Astrocytes, Microglia, Ependymal cells, Oligodendrocytes, Satellite cells, schwann cells

Front 22

Ependymal cells

Back 22

Line cavities of the brain and spinal cord, line cerebrospinal filled cavities

Front 23

Oligodendrocytes

Back 23

Wrap around axons of neurons in the central nervous system, produce myelin sheaths

Front 24

Neurons

Back 24

nerve cells

Front 25

Function of neurons

Back 25

Cells specialized to transmit messages

Front 26

Major regions of neurons

Back 26

Cell body and processes

Front 27

Cell body of neurons

Back 27

nucleus and metabolic center of the cell

Front 28

Processes of neurons

Back 28

Fibers that extend from the cell body (axons and dendrites)

Front 29

Parts of the cell body

Back 29

Nissl bodies, neurofibrils, nucleus with large nucleolus

Front 30

Nissl bodies

Back 30

specialized rough endoplasmic reticulum in the cell body

Front 31

Neurofibrils

Back 31

Intermediate cytoskeleton, maintains cell shape in the cell body

Front 32

Processes outside the cell body

Back 32

Dendrites and axons

Front 33

Dendrites

Back 33

Where signals are being received, conduct impulses toward the cell body

Front 34

Axons

Back 34

Conduct impulses away from the cell body, neurons have only one axon arising from the cell body at the axon hillock

Front 35

Axon terminal

Back 35

Ends axons, contain vesicles with neurontransmitters, separated from the next neuron by a snyptic cleft

Front 36

Synaptic Cleft

Back 36

Gap between adjacent neurons

Front 37

Synapse

Back 37

Junction between nerves

Front 38

Nodes of Ranvier

Back 38

Unmyelinated sections of axons inbetween myelinated cells. Allows action potentials to jump from node to node

Front 39

Neuron cell body location

Back 39

Most neuron cell bodies are found in the central nervous system

Front 40

Grey Matter

Back 40

Contain neuron cell bodies and and unmyelinated fibers

Front 41

Nuclei

Back 41

Clusters of cell bodies within the white matter of the central nervous system

Front 42

White Matter

Back 42

Myelinated fibers

Front 43

Tracts

Back 43

Bundles of nerve fibers in the Central Nervous System

Front 44

Motor (efferent) neurons

Back 44

Carry impulses from the central nervous system to viscera, muscles, or glands

Front 45

Interneurons (association neurons)

Back 45

Found in neural pathways in the central nervous system, connect sensory and motor neurons

Front 46

How does the CNS develop?

Back 46

Develops from embryonic neural tube which becomes the brain and spinal cord. The opening of the neural tube becomes four chambers within the brain filled with CSF

Front 47

Excilatory neurotransmitters

Back 47

Make an action potential more likely

Front 48

Inhibitory neurotransmitter

Back 48

Make an action potential less likely

Front 49

Regions of the brain

Back 49

Cerebral hemispheres (cerebrum), diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum

Front 50

The surface of the cerebral hemispheres is made of what?

Back 50

Ridges (gyri),Grooves (sulci), and fissures (deep grooves)

Front 51

Surface lobes of the cerebrum

Back 51

Frontal lobe, temporal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe

Front 52

Wrinkled aspect of the cerebrum

Back 52

Associated with complex thought, increases surface area for more neural connections

Front 53

Specialized areas of the cerebrum

Back 53

Primary somatic sensory area, Primary motor area, Brocas area

Front 54

Primary somatic sensory area

Back 54

Receives impulses from the body's sensory receptors, located in the parietal lobe

Front 55

Primary motor area

Back 55

Sends impulses to skeletal muscles, located in frontal lobe

Front 56

Brocas area

Back 56

Involved in our ability to speak

Front 57

Homunculus

Back 57

How motor and somatic sensory areas are organized

Front 58

Cerebral areas involved in special senses

Back 58

Gustatory area (taste), visual area, auditory area, olfactory area, wernicke's area (processing language)

Front 59

Interpretation areas of the cerebrum

Back 59

Speech/language region, Language comprehension, General interpretation area

Front 60

Layers of the cerebrum

Back 60

Grey matter- outer layer, composed mostly of neuron cell bodies. White matter- fiber tracts beneath the grey matter

Front 61

Corpus callosum

Back 61

connects hemispheres of the cerebrum

Front 62

Basal nuclei

Back 62

Islands of grey matter buried within the white matter

Front 63

Fiber tracts

Back 63

Bundles of axons

Front 64

Association fibers

Back 64

"side to side" connections, connect different neurons within the same brain level

Front 65

Commisural fibers

Back 65

A specific type of association fiber that connects hemispheres

Front 66

Projection fibers

Back 66

"up and down" connections, connect areas of the brain to different areas of the brain or spinal cord

Front 67

Specialization of the right hemisphere

Back 67

Emotional processing, art, music, social functioning

Front 68

Specialization of the left hemisphere

Back 68

Analytical, math, logic

Front 69

Diecephalon location

Back 69

Sits on top of the brain stem, enclosed by the cerebral hemisphere

Front 70

Three parts of the Diecephalon

Back 70

Thalamus, hypothalamus, Epithalamus

Front 71

Thalamus location

Back 71

Surrounds the third ventricle

Front 72

Function of thalamus

Back 72

Relay station for sensory impulses, transfers impulses to the correct part of the cortex for localization and interpretation

Front 73

Location of hypothalamus

Back 73

Surrounds the third ventricle

Front 74

Function of hypothalamus

Back 74

Important autonomic nervous system center: Helps regulate temp., controls water balance, regulates metabolism, Houses the limbic center for emotions, regulates pituitary gland.

Front 75

Limbic System

Back 75

Regulates emotions

Front 76

Parts of the brain stem

Back 76

Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

Front 77

Epithalamus

Back 77

Forms the roof of the third ventricle, houses the pineal body, includes the choroid plexus

Front 78

Function of the brain stem

Back 78

Base line life support functions, contains many projection fibers

Front 79

Composition of Midbrain

Back 79

Mostly composed of tracts of nerve fibers, has two bulging fiber tracts (cerebral peduncles), has four rounded protrusions (corpa quadremina)

Front 80

Pons

Back 80

The bulging center part of the brain stem, mostly composed of fiber tracts, includes nuclei involved in control of breathing

Front 81

Medulla oblongata

Back 81

The lowest part of the brain stem, merges into the the spinal cord, includes important fiber tracts

Front 82

Medulla oblongata control centers

Back 82

Heart rate control, blood pressure regulation, breathing, swallowing, vomiting

Front 83

Reticular formation composition

Back 83

Diffuse mass of grey matter along the brain stem

Front 84

Reticular formation function

Back 84

Involved in motor control of visceral organs, plays a role in awake/sleep cycles

Front 85

Cerebellum function

Back 85

Provides involuntary coordination of body movements

Front 86

Protection of central nervous system

Back 86

Scalp and skin, skull and vertebral column, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid

Front 87

Meninges

Back 87

Dura Mater, Arachnoid layer, Pia Mater

Front 88

Dura Mater

Back 88

Tough outermost layer of brain

Front 89

Layers of dura mater

Back 89

Periosteum and Meningeal layer

Front 90

Periosteum

Back 90

Attatched to inner surface of the skull

Front 91

Meningeal layer

Back 91

outermost cover of the brain

Front 92

Shape of dura mater

Back 92

Folds inward in several areas to create the longitudinal fissure

Front 93

Falx cerebri

Back 93

divides cerebral hemisphere

Front 94

Tentorium cerebelli

Back 94

divides cerebellar hemispheres

Front 95

Arachnoid layer

Back 95

Middle layer, web-like extensions span the subarachnoid space. Fluid filled space with webbing across the space

Front 96

Role of Arachnoid villi

Back 96

Reabsorb cerebrospinal fluid into the blood

Front 97

Pia Mater

Back 97

Internal layer, clings to the surface of the brain

Front 98

Cerebrospinal Fluid characteristics

Back 98

Similar to blood plasma composition, very watery, no cells in it.

Front 99

What forms cerebrospinal fluid?

Back 99

Formed by ependymal cells surrounding capillaries in the choroid plexus. Formed from blood

Front 100

Cerebrospinal Fluid function

Back 100

Forms a watery cushion to protect the brain

Front 101

Cerebrospinal fluid location

Back 101

Circulated in the arachnoid space, ventricles, and central canal of the spinal cord.

Front 102

Steps in CSF pathway of flow

Back 102

1. CSF is produced by choroid plexus.
2. CSF flows through the ventricles and into the subarachnoid space via the aperture and the central canal of the spinal cord
3. CSF flows through the subarachnoid space
4. CSF is absorbed into the dural venous sinuses via the arachnoid villi

Front 103

Blood brain barrier function

Back 103

Seperates blood from the CNS, excludes many harmful substances

Front 104

Blood brain barrier is useless against which substances?

Back 104

Fats, respiratory gasses, alcohol, nicotine, anesthesia

Front 105

Resting neuron

Back 105

The plasma membrane at rest is polarized
Fewer positive ions are inside the cell than outside the cell

Front 106

Membrane potential

Back 106

Refers to inside of the cell

Front 107

Resting membrane potential

Back 107

-70mV

Front 108

Electrical potential

Back 108

Difference in charge

Front 109

Na/K pump

Back 109

Like an engine, Must use ATP, Pumps Na+ out of the cell, and K+ into the cell

Front 110

Depolarization

Back 110

A stimulus depolarizes the neuron’s membrane,
The membrane is now permeable to sodium as sodium channels open,
A depolarized membrane allows sodium (Na+) to flow inside the membrane (movement change in the positive direction)

Front 111

Two ways to change membrane potential

Back 111

Graded potentials and action potentials

Front 112

Repolarization

Back 112

movement in the negative direction