Anatomy Test #3

Front 1

What are the reasons for doing an ECG? What does each wave mean?

Back 1

To record the electrical changes during heart activity; esp useful in dx cardiac arrhythmias (abnormal patterns of cardiac activity)

P wave: 0.08 sec; impulse from SA node to atria; atrial depolarization (contraction)

QRS complex: ventricular depolarization

T wave: ventricular repolarization (relaxation)

Front 2

What is the average size, shape, and location of the heart?

Back 2

Size: persons fist
Description: Hollow, cone shaped
Weight: < 1 lb
Location: extends from 2-5th rib; 5-8th T vertebrae; 2/3 of heart mass is the left of midline; lies anterior to vertebral column; heart assumes oblique position; apex rests on diaphragm

Front 3

What is the difference in the hearts atria and ventricles?

Back 3

Atria - superior 2 chambers; separated by interatrial septum; acts as receiving chambers for blood returning to heart from the circulation.
-foramen ovale: opening between atria in fetal heart (closes after birth)
- R Atrium: O- blood enters via 3 veins (SVC, IVC, Coronary sinum)
- L Atrium: O+ blood from lungs enters here via 4 pulmonary veins

Ventricles: inferior 2 chambers; separated by interventricular septum; R ventricle forms most of anterior surface of heart; L ventricle forms the apex; much larger than RV; thicker walls

Front 4

How many heart chambers are there? atria? ventricles? openings?

Back 4

Four Chambers: 2 atria + 2 ventricle

11 Openings:
1. R Atrioventricular
2. L Atrioventricular
3. Pulmonary Trunk Opening
4. Aortic opening
5. IVC opening (ostium)
6. SVC opening (ostium)
7. Coronary Sinus
8, 9, 10, 11. Openings for 4 pulmonary veins

Front 5

What is the difference in the function of a vein and an artery?

Back 5

Vein: brings O- blood back to heart for lungs to get O+

Arteries: carries O+ blood away from the heart to all of body

Front 6

What cardiovascular vessels supply the heart with blood?

Back 6

R & L coronary arteries

Front 7

What separates the right and left sides of the heart?

Back 7

Atria: separated by interatrial septum

Ventricles: separated by interventricular septum

Front 8

What empties into the right atrium?

Back 8

O- blood back to heart for lungs to get O+

Front 9

What is the name of the cardiac muscle that composes most of the heart

Back 9

Myocardium

Front 10

What is the difference between the coverings of the heart?

Back 10

Double sac, serous membrane called Pericardium:

1. Parietal pericardium (outer layer)
2. Visceral pericardium (inner layer next to heart)
(also called epicardium: outer layer of heart)

Front 11

What is pericarditis?

Back 11

Inflammation of pericardium

Front 12

What is the difference between the three layers of the heart wall?

Back 12

1. Epicardium (visceral pericardium); outermost layer

2. Myocardium (middle layer); thickest layer

3. Endocardium (innermost layer)

Front 13

Where does the exchange of CO2 and O2 occur?

Back 13

Alveoli in lungs: changes O- to O+

Capillary beds all over body: changes O+ to O-

Front 14

What is the difference in systemic and pulmonary circulation?

Back 14

Pulmonary Circulation: O- to heart then to lungs for O+ (Right side of heart)

Systemic Circulation: O+ pumped to body (left side of heart)

Front 15

What mechanism prevents the backflow of blood as it passes through the heart?

Back 15

Heart valves

Front 16

What is the difference between the tricuspid and bicuspid valves?

Back 16

Both are AV (atriobentricular valves) (between atria & ventricular)

Tricuspid: 3 flaps (cusps); R. AV valve

Bicuspid (Mitral): 2 flaps (cusps); L. AV valve

Front 17

Which valve is also called the mitral valve?

Back 17

Bicuspid

Front 18

What are the "heart strings"? What is their importance?

Back 18

Heart strings: chordae tendinae (tiny white collagen cords that anchor the cusps to the papillary muscles; found in walls of ventricles)

Front 19

What are the locations and functions of the two semilunar valves?

Back 19

Prevents backflow of blood into the ventricles

Two SL Valves:
1. Aortic SL Valve - junction of left ventricle and aorta
2. Pulmonary SL valve - junction of right ventricle and pulmonary trunk artery)

Front 20

What are the components of the cardiac conduction system?

Back 20

Also called the nodal system:
1. SA node
2. AV node
3. AV Bundle (Bundle of His)
4. R & L bundle branches
5. Purkinje fibers

Front 21

Which one (from previous Q) is considered the pacemaker of the heart?

Back 21

SA node

Front 22

What is the bundle of His?

Back 22

region between A & V helps to depolarize (contract) heart

Front 23

What is the difference between diastole and systole?

Back 23

Systole: contraction stage of cardiac cycle; greater pressure

Diastole: dilation stage of cardiac cycle; less pressure

S/D= Blood pressure reading

S-D= Pulse pressure reading

Front 24

What is included in the cardiac cycle?

Back 24

all events associated with the flow of blood thru the heart during one complete heart beat.

Front 25

What is actually happening when one hears the "lup-dup" sound using a stethoscope?

Back 25

opening and closing of heart valves

Front 26

What is a murmur

Back 26

abnormal or unusual heart sounds

Front 27

What is the average cardiac output for an adult?

Back 27

-amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle in 1 min; CO = HR x SV

- product of HR (heart rate) x SV (stroke volume)

-SV: volume of blood pumped out by a ventricle with each contraction

- Normal adult blood volume: 5000 ml

- End Diastolic Volume: amount of blood in the ventricle in 1 contraction

Front 28

What is the function of the foramen ovale and the ductus arteriosus in the fetal heart?

Back 28

*derived from the mesoderm
*starts pumping blood by 4th week of gestation
*Ductus Venosus: blood bypasses the fetal liver
*Foramen Ovale (oval door): opening between the 2 atria (in the interatrial septum); allows for blood flow between atria; bypasses the pulmonary circuit
*Ductus Arteriosus: another lung bypass (found between the pulmonary trunk artery and aorta)
*Both openings close normally at birth

Front 29

Fetal and Adult Heart correlation

Back 29

1. Fossa Oalis (place of ovale opening)

2. Ligmentum arteriosum (place of ateriosum opening)

Front 30

How many pulmonary veins enter the left atrium?

Back 30

Four pulmonary veins: 2 Right & 2 Left

Function: transport O+ blood from lungs back to heart for systemic circulation

Front 31

What are the three major types of blood vessels?

Back 31

Arteries: conduct O+ blood (except Pulmonary trunk artery)

Veins: blood reservoirs; conduct O- blood back to heart (except pulmonary veins)

Capillaries: exchange site of O+ & O- ; smallest blood vessel

Front 32

What are the names and general locations of the layers of a blood vessel (except capillaries)?

Back 32

Arteries & veins have 3 layers:
1. tunica adventitia (externa/outermost)
2. tunica media (middle
3. tunica intima (interna/innermost)

Front 33

What is the name given to the smallest arterial vessel? blood vessel? vein?

Back 33

Smallest arterial vessel: arterioles

Smallest blood vessel: capillaries

Smallest venous vessel: venules

Front 34

Where would you find the highest blood pressure measurement: artery or vein?

Back 34

Artery - highest blood pressure

Front 35

How does a capillary look? what is it made of?

Back 35

Dense network of passages; allows for blood exchanges

Front 36

What structure is formed by the union of venules?

Back 36

Capillaries unit for form venules; venules unit and become larger to form veins

Front 37

What is blood flow responsible for?

Back 37

1. Deliver O+ and nutrients to and from tissue cells; removes wastes from tissue cells
2. Gas exchange in the lungs
3. Absorption of nutrients from the digestive tract
4. Processing of blood by the kidneys

Front 38

What is vasomotion?

Back 38

slow, intermittent flow of blood thru capillaries

Front 39

Exchanges of O2, CO2, nutrients, and waste products are diffused at what structure?

Back 39

Capillaries

Front 40

What is the difference in color of arterial and venous blood?

Back 40

Arterial: bright red (scarlet) due to presence of O+

Venous: blue / purple / dark (due to no oxygen)

Front 41

At what vertebral level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate?

Back 41

4th Lumbar

Front 42

What are the paired and unpaired branches of the abdominal aorta?

Back 42

Paired: Renal; Inferior/Superior Phrenic; Ovarian; Testicular; Lumbar

Unpaired: Celiac trunk (axis) (gastric, splenic, common hepatic); SMA; IMA; Middle Sacral

Front 43

Ascending Aorta

Back 43

first segment of aorta arising from heart;

R & L coronary arteries originate here

Front 44

Aortic Arch

Back 44

curved segment which connects the ascending aorta to the descending aorta

3 arteries originate here:
1. brachiocephalic (innominate) *largest*
2. left common carotid
3. Left Subclavian

Front 45

Descending aorta

Back 45

third segment of aorta; lies from the sternal angle to T4; has two segments:

1. Thoracic aorta (from arch to diaphragm) - from T4 - T12
2. Abdominal aorta (from diaphragm to L4) - divides at L4 into R & L c. iliac arteries)

Front 46

What are three distinct characteristics of venous circulation?

Back 46

1. low BP
2. low O2 content
3. high waste (CO2) content
4. dark red in color

Front 47

What blood vessel is the longest one in the body?

Back 47

Great saphenous vein (found on the medial aspect of leg from foot to external iliac vein in groin)

Front 48

What is the largest vein in the human body?

Back 48

Vena Cava

Front 49

What is the function of the placenta?

Back 49

temporary organ formed from both fetal and maternal tissue; provides nutrients and O2 to the fetus; carries away metabolic wastes and produces the hormones for pregnancy

Front 50

Which heart chamber is the largest and most muscular?

Back 50

Left ventricle

Front 51

What is the difference in the function of the right and left sides of the heart?

Back 51

Left side: systemic circulation

Right side: pulmonary circulation

Front 52

what is the largest artery in the human body?

Back 52

Aorta

Front 53

Where does the right atrium pump blood into?

Back 53

Right ventral (via the tricuspid valve)

Front 54

Which common vein is most often used for IV medications?

Back 54

Cubital vein

Front 55

What are the projections of the myocardium that anchor the AV valve cusps?

Back 55

Papillary muscles

Front 56

What forms the circumflex artery?

Back 56

Left coronary artery

Front 57

What lasts 0.3 sec in a normal resting cycle?

Back 57

Ventricular systole

Front 58

Where is the cardiac center location that alters heart rate?

Back 58

Medulla oblongata

Front 59

What are two structural differences between veins and arteries?

Back 59

Veins have valves; veins have thinner walls

Front 60

What are Korotkoff's sounds?

Back 60

Blood flow heard with stethoscope

Front 61

What effect does stimulation of the parasympathetic system have on cardiac output?

Back 61

As parasympathetic system is stimulated, output decreases

Front 62

As peripheral resistance decreases, what is the effect on blood and blood pressure?

Back 62

Both blood flow and blood pressure decreases

Front 63

As blood pressure increases, what is the effect on blood volume and viscosity?

Back 63

Both volume and viscosity increase

Front 64

What do baroreceptors and chemoreceptors have to do with heart rate?

Back 64

They signal the medulla oblongata to work

Front 65

Which pressure is greatest: Diastolic or Systolic?

Back 65

Systolic

Front 66

What is angiotensin? What does it have to do with blood pressure?

Back 66

Causes vasoconstriction and increases BP

Front 67

What does skeletal muscle action and respiratory movements have to do with blood flow in the veins?

Back 67

Creates pressure gradients which help the blood to flow

Front 68

What portion of the autonomic nervous system increases heart rate and contraction strength?

Back 68

Sympathetic division

Front 69

What two types of "pressures" determin fluid movement across a capillary wall?

Back 69

Hydrostatic (blood) pressure

Osmotic pressure

Front 70

What is renin? What role does it have in blood pressure regulation?

Back 70

enzyme from the kidneys; helps to regulate BP; renin levels rise in response to a decline in renal blood flow (volume); renin stimulates thirst (resulting in taking in more fluids to elevate blood volume); renin also increases BP

Front 71

Trace of blood flow: O- blood from body goes into heart (R Atrium) via:

Back 71

SVC, IVC, Coronary Sinus --> R Atrium --> R AV valve (tricuspid valve) -->R ventricle --> Semilunar valve (pulmonary valve --> Pulmonary trunk arteries (R&L) (carrying O- blood) --> Alveoli (lungs) --> Pulmonary veins R&L (now carrying O- blood) --> L Atrium --> L AV valve (Bicuspid or Mitral valve) --> L Ventricle --> Semilunar valve (Aortic valve) --> Aorta (Ascending, Arch, Descending) --> Arteries --> Arterioles --> Capillaries (O+ and CO2 exchange) --> Venules (carrying deoxygenated O- blood) --> Veins ---> Starts over (SVC, IVC, Coronary Sinus)