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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is anatomy?
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the study of form
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What are the four ways in which the structure of the human body may be examined?
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inspection (eyes)
palpation (fingers) auscultation (listening) percussion (tapping) |
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What is the term that describes the cutting and separation of tissues to reveal their relationships?
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Cadaver dissection
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What is the term that describes the study of more than one species in order to examine structural similarities and differences, and analyze evolutionary trends?
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comparative anatomy
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Explain and describe the seven ways to study anatomy.
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exploratory surgery - open the body and look inside
medical imaging - (non-invasive) viewing the inside of the body WITHOUT surgery; radiology - branch of medicine concerned with imaging gross anatomy - study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye cytology - study of structure and function of cells histology - (microscopic anatomy) examination of cells with a microscope ultrastructure - view molecular detail under electron microscope histopathology - microscopic examination of tissues for signs of disease |
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What is physiology?
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the study of function
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List and describe the three subdisciplines of physiology.
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neurophysiology - physiology of nervous system
endocrinology - physiology of hormones pathophysiology - mechanisms of disease |
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What puts a limitation of human experimentation and is the basis for the development of new drugs and medical procedures (via animal surgery and animal drug tests)?
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comparative physiology
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What did physicians in Mesopotamia and Egypt use 3,000 years ago?
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herbal drugs, salts, and physical therapy
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Which scientist was named "Father of medicine" and established the code of ethics?
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Hippocrates --> established a code of ethics (Hippocratic oath)
urged physicians to seek natural causes of disease rather than attributing them to acts of the gods and demons |
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Which physician was one of the first philosophers to write about anatomy and physiology and believed that diseases had either supernatural causes or physical causes?
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Aristotle --> believed that complex structures are built from simpler parts
called supernatural causes of disease = theologi called natural causes for disease = physiologi This gave rise to the terms physician and physiology. |
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What two terms did Aristotle coin?
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theologi = supernatural causes of diseases
physiologi = natural causes for diseases |
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What physician was one to the Roman gladiators and saw science as a method of discover, not just a body of facts taken on faith?
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Cladius Galen --> wrote book advising followers to trust their own observation more than the teaching of dogma of the "ancient masters"
did animal dissections since use of cadavers was banned during his time |
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What Jewish physician wrote 10 influential medical texts and was a physician to Egyptian sultan, Saladin?
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Maimonides (Moses ben Maimon)
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Which Muslim physician was known as "The Galen of Islam" and wrote "The Canon of Medicine" used in medical schools for 500 years?
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Avicenna (Ibn Sina) --> combined Galen and Aristotle findings with original discoveries
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Which physiologist's contributions represent the birth of experimental physiology and realized blood flows out from the heart and back to it again?
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William Harvey --> published book De Motu Cordis (On the Motion of the Heart) in 1628
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Who were the first Western scientists to realize that blood must circulate continuously around the body, from the heart to other organs, and back to the heart again?
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William Harvey and Michael Servetus
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Which scientist taught anatomy in Italy and published the first atlas of anatomy called De Humani Corporus Fabrica (On the Structure of the Human Body)?
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Andreas Vesalius
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What scientist made many improvements to the compound microscope? What changes were made?
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Robert Hooke --> ocular lens (eyepiece) and objective lens (near specimen)
invented specimen stage, illuminator, and fine focus controls his microscopes magnified 30x first to see and name cells first comprehensive book of microscopy |
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What scientist invented a simple (single-lens) microscope with great magnification to look at fabrics (200x)?
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Antony van Leeuwenhoek
published his observations of blood, lake water, sperm, bacteria from tooth scrapings, and many other things |
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What is the term used to describe the branch of medicine concerned with imaging?
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radiology (medical imaging)
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What are the benefits of a large sample size?
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controls for chance events and individual variation
enables us to place greater confidence in the outcome |
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What are the characteristics of a good hypothesis?
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consistent with what is already known
testable and possibly falsifiable with evidence |
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What is falsifiability?
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if we claim something is scientifically true, we must be able to specify what evidence it would take to prove it wrong
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Who was the first to see and name cells?
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Robert Hooke
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Which scientists concluded that "all organisms were composed of cells"?
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Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann
first tenet of cell theory |
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Which scientists greatly improved compound microscopes by eliminating blurry edges (spherical aberration) and rainbowlike distortions (chromatic aberration)?
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Carl Zeiss and Ernst Abbe
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Which method is described as making numerous observations until one becomes confident in drawing generalizations and predictions from them?
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The Inductive Method --> Francis Bacon
knowledge of anatomy is obtained by this method |
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Which philosophers invented new habits of scientific thought?
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Francis Bacon in England
Rene Descartes in France |
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Which method allows for more physiological knowledge and includes the investigator asking a question, formulating a hypothesis, and falsifiability?
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Hypothetico-Deductive Method
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What is the term that describes effects of the subject's state of mind on his or her physiology?
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psychosomatic effects --> use of placebo in control group
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How can experimenter bias be prevented?
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in a double-blind study where neither the doctor nor the patient know
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What aspects of experimental design that help to ensure objective and reliable results?
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sample size - number of subjects used in a study
controls - control group and treatment group psychosomatic effects - effects of the subject's state of mind on his or her own physiology experimenter bias - prevented with double-blind study statistical testing - provides statements of probability |
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What is the term that describes the critical evaluation by other experts in the field?
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peer review
ensures honesty, objectivity, and quality in science |
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What is the term that describes information that can be independently verified by a trained person?
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scientific fact
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What is the term that describes a generalization about the predictable way matter and energy behave?
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law of nature
results from inductive reasoning and repeated observations; written as verbal statements or mathematical formulas |
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What is the term that describes an explanatory statement or set of statements derived from facts, laws, and confirmed hypotheses?
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theory
summarizes what we know; suggests direction for further study |
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What book written by Charles Darwin has been coined "the book that shook the world"?
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On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection
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What is the term that describes how species originate and change through time, which changed the prevailing view of our origin, nature, and our place in the universe?
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theory of natural selection
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What is the term that describes the change in genetic composition of population of organisms?
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evolution
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What term explains the development of resistance to antibiotics and the appearance of new strains of AIDS virus?
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evolution
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What is the term that describes some individuals within a species having hereditary advantage over their competitors?
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natural selection
better camouflage disease resistance ability to attract mates |
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What is the term that describes natural forces that promote the reproductive success of some individuals more than others?
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selection pressures
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What is our closest relative?
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chimpanzee --> difference of only 1.6% in DNA structure
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What is the term that describes features of an organism's anatomy, physiology, or behavior that have evolved in response to those selection pressures and enable the organism to cope with the challenges of its environment?
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adaptations
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What is the term that describes remnants of organs that apparently were better developed and more functional in the ancestor of a species, and now serve little or no purpose?
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vestigial organs
pileorector muscles auricularis muscles |
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What is the term that describes the order of mammals to which humans, monkeys, and apes belong?
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primates
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What is the term that describes the body's ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it, and thereby maintain relatively stable internal conditions?
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homeostasis
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Which adaptation made hands prehensile to grasp branches and encircle them with the thumb and finger?
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opposable thumbs
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List the adaptations for arboreal (treetop) lifestyle of earlier primates?
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mobile shoulders
opposable thumbs (prehensile hands) forward-facing eyes (stereoscopic vision) color vision larger brains and good memory |
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What is the term that describes the ability of present primates to stand and walk on two legs?
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bipedalism
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What are the adaptations for bipedalism?
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skeletal and muscular modifications
increased brain volume family life and social changes |
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What is the oldest bipedal primate?
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Australopithecus
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Which homo species appeared 2.5 million years ago and were taller, had larger brain volume, probably speech, and tool-making?
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Homo genus
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Which homo species appeared 1.8 million years ago and migrated from Africa to parts of Asia?
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Homo erectus
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Which homo species originated in Africa 200,000 years ago?
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Homo sapiens
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Describe the hierarchy of complexity.
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Organism
Organ system Organs Tissues Cells Organelles Molecules Atoms |
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What is the term that describes the theory that a large, complex system such as the human body can be understood by studying the simpler components?
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Reductionism (first espoused by Aristotle)
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What is the term that describes the theory that there are "emergent properties" of the whole organism that cannot be predicted from the properties of the separate parts?
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Holism
Humans are more than the sum of their parts |
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No two humans are exactly alike. _____% most common structure and ______% anatomically variant.
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70% most common structure and 30% anatomically variant.
Variable number of organs. Variation in location of organs. |
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What is the term that describes that living things exhibit a higher level of organization than the nonliving world around them?
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organization
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What is the term that describes that living matter is always compartmentalized into one or more cells?
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cellular composition
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What is the term that describes the sum of all internal chemical change: anabolism, catabolism, and excretion?
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metabolism
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What terms describe sense and react to stimuli (responsiveness, irritability, and excitability)?
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responsiveness and movement
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What is the term that describes mutations: changes in genetic structure?
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evolution
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What is the term that describes the smallest unit of an organism that can carry out all functions of life?
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cell
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What the term that describes a molecule, cell, organ that directly carries out a response to a stimulus?
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effector
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What is the term that describes the smallest part of matter with unique chemical properties?
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atom
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Which 5 factors cause physiological variation?
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sex, age, diet, weight, physical activity
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Describe the physiological values of the reference man.
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22 years old, 154 lbs, light physical activity
consumes 2,800 kcal/day |
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Describe the physiological values of the reference woman.
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22 years old, 128 lbs, and 2,000 kcal/day
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What can the failure to consider physiological variation lead to?
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overmedication of elderly or medication women on the basis of research done on men
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What is the range of internal body temperature despite variations in external temperature?
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97-99 degrees F
(Claude Bernard) |
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Which scientist coined the term homeostasis?
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Walter Cannon
State of the body fluctuates (dynamic equilibrium) within limited range around a set point. |
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Which mechanism is activated when the body senses a change and wants to reverse it to maintain dynamic equilibrium?
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negative feedback
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Which mechanism is triggered when the brain senses a change in blood temperature?
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negative feedback
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What is the term that describes the process that occurs when vessels dilate in the skin and sweating begins (heat-losing mechanism)?
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vasodilation
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What is the term that describes the process that occurs when vessels in the skin constrict and shivering begins (heat-gaining mechanism)?
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vasoconstriction
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What sends nerve signals that increase the heart rate and return the blood pressure to normal; regulates heart rate?
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cardiac center
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What is the term that describes sensory nerve endings in the arteries near the heart that alert the cardiac center in the brainstem?
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baroreceptors
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What senses changes in the body?
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receptors (e.g. stretch receptors that monitor blood pressure)
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What is the control center that processes sensory information, "makes a decision", and directs the response?
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integrating (control) center (e.g. cardiac center of the brain)
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What carries out the final corrective action to restore homeostasis?
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effector (e.g. cell or organ)
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What mechanism is a self-amplifying cycle that leads to greater change in the same direction?
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positive feedback
feedback loop is repeated--change produces more change |
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At what temperature does fever become fatal?
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113 degrees F
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What occurs when temperature is above 104 degrees F?
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metabolic rate increases
body produces heat even faster body temperature continues to rise further increasing metabolic rate |
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List 5 examples that would result in positive feedback.
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childbirth, blood clotting, protein digestion, fever, and generation of nerve signals
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What languages do about 90% of medical terms originate?
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1,200 Greek and Latin roots
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Brachium denotes ______.
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arm
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Brachii denotes ________.
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of the arm
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Digiti denotes _________.
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of a single finger or toe
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Digits denotes _________.
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fingers and toes
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Digitorum denotes ___________.
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multiple fingers or toes
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What means "large" in Latin?
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magnus
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What means "larger of two" in Latin?
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major
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What means "largest of three being compared" in Latin?
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maximus
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Which form of medical imaging penetrates tissues to darken photographic film beneath the body, dense tissue appears white, and consists over half of all medical imaging?
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Radiography (X-ray)
William Roentgens Until 1960s, it was the only method widely available. |
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Which form of medical imaging consists of low-intensity X-rays and computer analysis and creates slice-type images?
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Computed tomography (CT scan)
formerly known as a CAT scan |
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Which form of medical imaging assesses metabolic state of tissue, distinguished tissues most active at any given moment, and injects radioactively labeled glucose?
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Positron emission topography (PET scan)
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Which form of medical imaging consists of injected or swallowed substances and fills hollow structures?
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radiopaque susbtances
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Which form of medical imaging is a slice-type image, superior quality to CT scan, best for soft tissue, and alignment and realignment of hydrogen atoms with magnetic field and radio waves?
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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Which form of medical imaging is the second oldest and second most widely used, consists of high frequency sound waves, and avoids harmful X-rays?
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sonography
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