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150 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the deffinition of Anatomy
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Anatomy is the study of Internal and External Structures
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What is the deffiniton of Physiology
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Physiology is the functions of the structures
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What is Systematic Gross Anatomy
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The structure of Major organ systems such as the cardiovascular system
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What is Regional Gross Anatomy
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Considers all of the superficial and internal structures
Ex. Head Neck or Trunk , looking at it region by region |
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What is Surface Anatomy
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The study of superficial anatomical markings on the body
Ex. Moles |
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What is Microscopic Anatomy
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Focuses on structures that can not be seen by the naked eye
Specialties Cytology: internal structures of cells Histology: Examines tissues (groups of specialized cells that performs a specific function) |
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What is Developmental Anatomy
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Examines the changes that occur from conception to adulthood
Embryology: focuses on the first 2 months of development inside the womb |
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What is Comparative Anatomy
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comparison of structures of different animals such as humans lizards sharks
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What Are the orgins of the Anatomy Language and the Problems with Nomenclature
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Greek and Latin
German Scientits naming things after themselves and the new modern terms |
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What are the levels of organization
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Molecular Level
Cellular Tissue Organ Organ System |
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What are the Axial and Appendicular Organizations of the Human body
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Axial = Sits along the body axis (top to bottom) and consists of the head, trunk (throrax abdomen and pelvic region)
Appendicular = Appendages that are stuck onto the main structure (arms and legs) |
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What are the Major Cavities
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Dorsal Cavity
Ventral Cavity |
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What is the Dorsal Body Cavity
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Dorsal body Cavitiy
Consists of the Cranial Cavity and the Spinal Cavity Cranial Cavity is enclosed by the skull and contains the brain eyes and ears The Spinal Cavity contains the spinal cord |
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What is Gross Anatomy?
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focuses on relatively large structures that can be seen with the naked eye
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Anterior or Ventral
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Front
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Posterior or Dorsal
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Back
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Superior
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Above/at lower level
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Inferior
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Below/at lower level
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Caudual
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at the tail
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Medial
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Midline
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Lateral
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away from the midline longitudinal axis
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what is the anatomical position
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face and feet up with arms out and palms facing outward
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What is the Axial Portion of the Human body?
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is the cerntral part consists of the trunk abdomen and pelvic region
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what is the appendicular portion?
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attachments to the main axial portion, such as arms and legs
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What is the Ventral Body Cavity?
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Consists of the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity
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what is the thoracic cavity
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Is enclosed by the ribcage and contains the lungs and heart
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what divides the thoracic cavity into left and right cavities?
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Mediasternium
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What is found in each plural cavity
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a lung
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where is the pericardial cavity found and what does it contain?
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found in the mediasternum and contains the heart
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what is the abdominopelvic cavity?
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part of the Ventral Body cavity that contains the abdominal (superior) and pelvis (inferior)
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what are the 4 other smaller cavities and what do they contain?
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Oral- mouth
Nasal- Nose Orbital- Eye Middle Ear- c |
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What parts are responsible for separating body cavities?
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Diaphragm - separates throacic and abdominal cavity
Mediastinum - Separates the 2 plural cavities Pelvic bones- separates the abdominal and pelvic cavity |
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What is responsible for lining the body cavities and what is their purpose?
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Membranes - secrete fluids which helps with lubrication
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What is the Parietal Pleura?
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Outer pleura covers chest wall between the body wall and cavity
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what is the visceral pleura ?
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is between the surface of the organ and cavity
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What is the Parietal Pericardium?
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Lines the pericardial cavity
outer layer that is sac like and contains the heart |
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what is the visceral pericardium?
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Lines the heart and is the inner layer
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what is the peritoneum cavity?
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part of the abdominopelvic cavity which is an internal chamber lined by a serous membrane
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what is the parietal peritoneum
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attached to the abdominal wall
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what is the visceral peritoneum
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membrane wrapped around internal organs
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Integument
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Skin, protection and temperature control
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Skeletal
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bones, joints movement support
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Muscular
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support movement, protection of soft tissues
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Nervous System
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immediate responses to stimuli , central and peripheral
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Endocrinie system
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Regulates activity of glands, and long term changes
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Digestive System
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processing of food, absorption of nutrients
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Respiratory System
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Breathing, Delivery of air to sites of gas exchange
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Circulatory System
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transports o2 and nutrients
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Lymphatic System
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regulates fluid around cells and protects against disease
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Urinary System
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regulates fluids around cells and protects against diease
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Reproductive System
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Procreation of new humans, repoduction of sex cells and hormones
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What are the 4 abdominopelvic Quadrants?
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Right Upper Quadrant, Right Lower Quadrant, Left upper Quadrant, Left Lower Quadrant
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what are the 9 anatomical regions?>
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Right &Left hypochondriac region
Right & Left lumbar region Right & Left illiac Region Center: Epignostic Region Umbilical Region Hypogastric Region |
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What oragans can be found in the R Hypochondriac Region
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Liver, gallbladder Kidney
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What Organs can be found in the Right Lumbar Region
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Colon, kidney
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What organs can be found in the right illiac region?
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appendix
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What can be found in the Epignostic Region
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pancreas
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What can be found in the Umbilical Region
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small intestine belly button
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what can be found in the hypogastric region
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urinary bladder small intestine large intestine Uterus
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what can be found in the Left Hypochondric region
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Kidney stomach large intestine
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what can be found in the Left lumbar region
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Kidney spleen
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what is the Tarsus
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Ankle
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what is the popliteus
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back of knee
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what is teh sura
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calf
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what is the dorsum
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middle back
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what is the Lumbus
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lower back
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what is the cancaneus
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heel of foot
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what is a tissue?
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a group of cells that work together to provide a specific function
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what are the 4 types of tissues
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Epitheliel
Nervous Muscle Connective |
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What are the charateristics of Epithelial Tissue?
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Cover all surfaces
Have basement membranes Get nutrition by diffusion Reporduce easily Densely packed |
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What are the 4 types of membranes
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Mucus-
Serous-excrete serous fluid Cutaneous-skin Synovial- lines joints with cavities |
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What are the functions of epithelial cells?
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Secretion, Absorption, excretion, sensory reception
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What are the apical and basal surfaces
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The apical surface is that which faces the lumen or outside of the organ. The basal surfaces faces the basal lamina and the blood vessels.
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what is a tight junction?
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fusion of plasma membrane of the two cells- prevents things from going through
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Adhering Junction
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tight hold not fused , held to gether like sowing stiches
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Gap Junciton
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Protiens joined by tubes that connect 2 cytoplasms
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Simple Squamous Epithelia
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found in the blood vessels
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Simple Cubodial Epithelial
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found in the kidneys
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Simple Columnar Epiltheia
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found in the digestive tracts
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Stratified Squamous
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found in the skin
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Pseudo-stratified cilliated columnar epithelium
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falsely appears to be statified, are columnar but not even and have cillia
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Transitional
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Cells change shape and it is stratified
Found in the Urinary Bladder- can stretch and flatten |
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Glandular Epithelia
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Contain Gland Cells and there are 2 types
Exocrine and Endocrine |
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Exocrine glands
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Release secretions into the blood and fluid that surrounds our cells
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Endocrine glands
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Secrete into the lumen (cavity)
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What are the 3 modes of secretion ?
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Merocrine- Most common release by exocytosis
Apocrine- the apical portion builds up and then sheds off Holocrine- cells become packed with secretory vessicles and then burst releasing products |
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What are the anatomical Charateristics of Connective Tissue
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Specialized cells
Extracellular fibers Ground Substance |
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What are the specialized cells of connective tissue
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Resident cells (fixed cells)- adipose
Wandering cells- WBC |
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What are types of extracellular fibers are found in connective tissues?
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Collagenous- collegen
Elastic- stretch and return to reg shape Reticular- stronger framework, stoma |
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What is ground substance
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Clear colorless and thick solution surrounding connective tissues
makes up the matrix (protein + ground substance) |
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What are the functional characteristics of Connective tissue?
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Most abundant tissue by weight
Binds cartilage and ligaments support to bones Stores fat and fills in spaces Produces blood cells Protects against infections (white blood cells) Reproduction of cells except for cartilage |
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what are the types of Connective tissues
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loose
Dense |
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What are the types of loose connective tissues
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Areolar
Adipose Reticular |
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What is Areolar Tissue
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- least specialized tissue
- open framework filled mostly with ground substance - elastic fibers= can return to original shape after external pressure relieved - binds skin to fibroblasts - highly vascular = delivers o2 removes co2 - capillaries in tissue carry cells to and from the tissue - Found within deep dermis of the skin |
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What is Reticular loose connective tissue
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form stoma of many organs
filled with fibroblasts |
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what is a stoma
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a mouthlike opening, particularly an incised opening which is kept open for drainage or other purposes
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What is dense connective tissue and what are the types?
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dominate in collegen fiber thus often referenced as collagenous tissue
Dense irregular, Dense Regular |
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what is dense regular connective tissue?
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Dense, closely packed, few cells, poor blood supply
found in the tendons (bone to muscle) ligaments (bone to bone) |
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what is dense irregular connective tissue?
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Has no consistent direction
found in dermis of the skin |
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Cartilage
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Supporting Connective tissue that is very rigid, provides support and protection, forms models for developing bones
Cells= chondrocytes, occupy lacunae enclosed in perichondrium charaterized by number and type of fibers avascular |
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What are the 3 types of Cartillage
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Hylaine- glassy all over body nose ends bones
Elastic- pinna of outer ear & epiglottis Fiborocartilage- lots of fibers found inbetween joints |
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Bone
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Supporting Connective Tissue
lots of collagen, minerals forms blood cells stores salts osteocytes and canniliculi vascualar |
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Muscle Tissue
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cells are contractile can change shape with stimulation , contain actin and myosin fibers
cause body parts to move |
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3 types of Muscle Tissue
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Skeletal
Cardiac Smooth |
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Skeletal muscle charateristics
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Voluntary
cell= fiber, multi-nucleated Striated- due to arrangement into sarcomeres Satellite cells- enable division of new muscle cells |
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Smooth Muscle Charateristics
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Involuntary
single nucleus move food, empty bladder shorten and twist during contraction |
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Cardiac Muscle
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Involuntary
Only found in the heart Striated intercalated discs- gap junction |
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Characteristics of Nervous Tissue
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Found in Brain, Spinal cord, Nerves
Cell= Neuron sensitive to surroundings, transmit impulses can not divide axon can regenerate not entire cell |
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What is an organ?
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composed of 2 or more types of tissues
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Function of the Skin
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Protection
regulation of body temp Pervent water loss houses sensory organs excretes wastes |
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Charateristics of the Skin
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Stratified Squamous epithelum tissue
Keritinized (cornified) |
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What are the layers of skin
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Bottom to top
Dermis Basal lamina Stratum Germinativum Stratum Spinosum Stratum granulosum Stratum lucidum Stratum conreum A: Darn Boys Give Stupid Girls Little Cats |
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what is the Stratum Germiiniatium
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miotic layer, divides , closest to dermis
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Stratum Spinosum
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layer 2 from basal lamina
cells are spiny in appearance begin to pull away from germinative layer but still attached |
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Stratum Granulosum
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Manufacture large amounts of keratin
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Stratum Lucidum
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not found in all epidermis is a clear layer
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Stratum Corneum
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dead layer of cells due to the lack of blood supply (furthest from dermis)
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what are melanocytes
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melanin - responsible for pigments in skin
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what can affect skin color
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Genetics
Amount of melanin being produced beta carotine- yellowish (asian) blood flow - working out - blood to superior part of body - red color |
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What is the Dermis
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Deep layer of the skin
supply blood and regulate body temperature - adipose tissue |
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what are the regions of the Dermis
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papillary - most superficial, closest to the epidermis
Reticular- deepest region |
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what is the superficial fossa?
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hypodermis
beneath the dermis loose connective tissue and adipose adipose tissue serves as an insulator |
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What are the Accessory Organs of the Skin?
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Hair follicles
Sebaceous glands- oil producing scalp - holocrine gland: produce sebum secretion Sebaceous follicles - pores, zits Nails Sweat glands |
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What are the 2 types of sweat glands
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Apocrine Glands- automatic, respond to emotions
Merocrine- reg. sweating through pores |
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what are ceruminous glands
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Acessory organs
associated with production of ear wax |
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how is temprature regulated?
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sweating
blood vessels dialate = increased heat constrict = decrease heat |
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what are the types of bones
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long bones - arm
short bones- wrist bone flat bones- skull irregular - odd shaped sesamoid bones- knee cap formed due to friction |
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what are the parts of the long bone
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Epiphysis - ends of bone
Diaphysis- shaft Articular cartillage- Covering ends Periosteum - covers entire bone except ephysis |
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what are the types of bone tissue found in the Long Bone
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Compact
Spongy |
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What are the cell types of bone?
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Osteoblasts-immature cells forms bone tissue
Osteoporgenitor cells- resonsible for forming new bone tissue Osteocytes- cells of mature bone, maintaining bone tissue Osteoclasts- secrete enzymes for the breakdown of the matrix (needed to maintain shape) |
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What is found in compact bone tissue?
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Haversian canal system= osteon
lamellae surrounds the cavity canaliculi way which osteons communicate Each Haversian canal has blood vessels volksmans = communicating canals |
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what are the strutural differences between compact and spongy bone?
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open framework (spongy)
dense structure (compact) |
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What are the funtional differences between spongy and compact bone
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Both Provide support and strength though spongy bone has an open framework making is lite and reducing weight
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How is bone formed by
Intramembranous Ossification |
1. connective tissue appears
2. connective tiisse arranges itself around blood vessels 3 cells differentiate into osteoblasts 4. osteoblasts --> osteocytes 5. connecting tissue on each surface forms a periostieum |
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What is endochondrial ossification
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proccess of develpometn of cartillage
1. hylanine cartillage forms sites for future bones 2. cartillage is invaded with blood vessels 3. cells are brought in that break connective tissue to form osteoblasts 4. osteoblasts form spongy bone in place of previously occupied by cartilage |
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How do endochondrial bones grow in width?
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Width- due to appositional growth which causes addition of outside of bone and removal in the center
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how do endochondrial bones grow in length?
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Primary ossification
Secondadry ossification centers - centers begin to calcify Epiphyseal disk- hylaine cartilage allows bones to grown longer eventually slows down in adulthood |
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How are bones repaired and remodeled?
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1. internal callus froms over break uniting inner edges
2. dead bone removed and replaced 3. external callus is removed Add bone- activate osteoblasts remove bone= osteoclasts |
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what is a Process?
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Any Projection of bump
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what is a Ramus?
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extension of bone making an angle to the rest of the structures
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Trochanter
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large rough projection
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Tuberocity
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smaller rough projection
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tubercle
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small rounded projection
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Crest
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a prominent ridge
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Line
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low ridge
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spine
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a pointed process
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condyle
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smooth rounded articular process
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facet
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small flat articular facet
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Fossa
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a shallow depression
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Foramen
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rounded passageway for blood vessels adn nerves
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