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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Describe the Clavicle in the dog and cat
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Cat: separate, nonarticular bone;
Dog: rudimentary or absent, embedded in brachiocephalicus |
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What does the spine of the scapula divide?
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Lateral scapula into infraspinous and supraspinous fossae
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What is the acromion?
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End of the spine of the scapula
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What is the caudal projection of the acromion found in the cat?
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Suprahamate Process
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What is the glenoid fossa / cavity and its function?
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Shallow cavity of the scapula articulating with the humerus to form the shoulder joint
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What is the supraglenoid tubercle and what is its function?
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Cranial process near the glenoid cavity where the biceps brachii muscle attaches
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What and where is the greater tubercle?
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Projection located craniolateral to the head of the humerus - point of the shoulder
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What is the intertubercular (bicipital) groove?
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The sulcus between the greater and lesser humeral tubercles for the biceps brachii tendon
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Where is the condyle of the humerus and how many are there?
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Entire distal end of the humerus - there is only one
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What arises from the epicondyles of the humerus?
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Lateral (extensor) epicondyle: extensors of forearm;
Medial (flexor) epicondyle: flexors |
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What foramen is found in canine and feline humeri, and what passes through them?
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Dog - supratrochlear foramen - nothing;
Cat - supracondylar foramen - median n. and brachial vessels |
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What and where is the styloid process of the radius?
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Pointed end of the radius, located distally and medially on the radius
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What is the function of the olecranon/olecranon tuberosity? What is a common name for it?
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Serves as a lever arm for the extensor muscle of the elbow, point of the elbow
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Name the depression of the ulna that articulates with the humerus and its proximal and distal ends.
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Trochlear notch (semilunar notch)
Proximal end = anconeal process Distal ends = medial and lateral coronoid processes |
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What and where is the styloid process of the ulna?
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Pointed end of the ulna, located distal and lateral end of ulna
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List the parts of the manus from proximal to distal (and the bones of each part).
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Carpus (carpal bones), metacarpus (metacarpal bones), digits (proximal, middle, and distal phalanges and associated sesmoid bones)
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What does the term carpus designate?
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Carpal bones and compound joint formed by these bones or the region between the forearm and metacarpus
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Name the bones of the carpus and indicate where they are in each row
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Proximal row form medial to lateral: radial, ulnar, and accessory carpal bones
Distal row: numbered from 1-4 from medial to lateral |
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Which carpal bone is located laterally and palmarily and is considered a landmark?
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Accessory Carpal Bone
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List the bones of the digits and their locations
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Proximal, middle, and distal phalanges (not middle for dewclaw), 2 proximal sesamoid bones (1 for dewclaw) on palmar side of metacarpophalangeal joints), 1 dorsal sesamoid bone for digit 1-4
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What is the fingernail-like structure covering the ungual process?
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Horny Claw
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What is the shelf of the distal phalanx covering the root of the claw?
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Ungual Crest
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What is the Digit (P1, P3, 1 Proximal sesamoid) + MtC1 that doesn't reach the ground?
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Dew claw
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What is the configuration of teh shoulder (scapulohumeral, humeral) joint?
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Ball and socket (spheroidal)
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What type of motion is allowed at the shoulder joint?
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All movements (universal) but mainly flexion and extension
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What protects the biceps tendon in the intertubercular groove?
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Extension of the shoulder joint capsule (connected) acting as a tendon sheath
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What stabilizes the shoulder joint?
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No true collateral ligaments, but infraspinatus tendon laterally and subscapularis tendon medially help stabilize
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What bones make up the elbow (cubital) joint?
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Humeral Condyle (humerus), trochlear notch (ulna), head of radius
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What type of joint is the elbow (cubital) joint, and what action is allowed?
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Ginglymus or hinge joint, also compound, allows for flexion and extension
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What powerful ligaments bind sides of all the joints of the limb except the shoulder? how does this effect their movement?
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Lateral and medial collateral ligaments. Limits movement to mainly flexion and extension
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What type of joint is the carpus and what movement does it allow?
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Compound/composite hinge joint; flexion and extension (also gliding and rotation)
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List the joints of the carpus and the movement each allows
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Antebrachiocarpal joint: most movement flexion and extension
Middle carpal joint: less but considerable extension and flexion Carpometacarpal joint: very little mainly gliding Intercarpal Joint: gliding |
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List the boundaries of the carpal canal
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Carpal Bones (covered by palmar carpal fibrocartilage), accessory carpal bone and flexor retinaculum (transverse carpal ligament)
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List the joints of the digits (the bones they are between)
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Metacarpophalangeal (MP) joints (metacarpal bone and proximal phalanx)
Proximal interdigital (PIP) (p1 and P2); Distal Interdigital (DIP or claw) joint of P2 and P3 |
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What bones are located on the palmar side of the metacarpophalangeal joints?
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2 Palmar sesmoids (main digits 2-5) 1 for dew claw
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What ligament extends from the proximal P2 to dorsal P3?
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Dorsal elastic ligament, unique to carnivores
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What flexor muscles effect the interphalangeal joints?
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Proximal IP: DDF and SDF
Distal IP: DDF only |
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What is the function of the elastic dorsal ligament of the cat's digit?
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Opposes the DDF, keeping the claw retracted (sheathing the claw)
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What local thickening of the deep fascia holds tendons in place?
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Retinaculum
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In which layer are the cutaneous muscles located?
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The superficial fascia
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What is the function of the cutaneous muscle?
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Twitch the skin, shoo flies away
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What muscles connect the thoracic limbs to the head, neck and trunk?
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Extrinsic muscles of the thoracic limbs
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Name five of the eight extrinsic muscles of the thoracic limb
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Trapezius, omotransversarius, brachicephalicus,rhombodeus, serratus ventralis, superficial pectoral, deep pectoral, latissimus dorsi
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Which extrinsic muscle supports the weight of the trunk?
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Serratus Ventralis - forms a sling for the trunk
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What muscles originate and insert on the bones of the thoracic limb?
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Intrinsic muscles of the thoracic limb
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What muscles replace collateral ligaments in the shoulder?
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subscapular, infraspinatus, supraspinatus, biceps brachii, mainly
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What nerve innervates the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles?
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Suprascapular Nerve
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What is the common insertion of all four heads of the triceps brachii muscle?
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Olecranon of the ulna
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Where does the biceps brachii muscle originate?
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Supraglenoid tuberosity
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What nerve innervates the triceps and other extensors of the elbow, carpus and digits?
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Radial Nerve
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How are the forearm muscles grouped?
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Craniolateral antebrachial muscles: extensors of the digits and carpus
Caudal antebrachial muscles: flexors of the digits and carpus |
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Where do most of the extensors of the digits/carpus arise?
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On or near the lateral epicondyle
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What muscles arise/originate from the medial (flexor) epicondyle of the humerus?
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Caudal antebrachial flexor muscles
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What nerve innervates the extensors of the digits and carpus? Flexors of the carpus?
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Extensors: Radial n
Flexors: Median and Ulnar |
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Where does the superficial digital flexor and deep digital flexor insert?
What is the clinical significance of this? |
SDF on Middle Phalanges
DDF on Distal Phalanges DDF affects the distal interphalangeal joint, SDF doesnt |
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Where are most of the vessels of the nerves and arm? Why?
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Medial side of the arm, to keep them protected
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List the main arteries to the forelimb and their location
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Subclavian a ( medial to first rib), axillary a (in axilla) subscapular a (along caudal scapula) brachial a (in arm, common interosseous a (last branch of brachial) , median (in forearm), digital aa (in paw)
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What are the locations of the cephalic and accessory cephalic veins of the manus; where do they join and continue as the cephalic vein?
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Cephalic palmar paw; accessory cephalic dorsal paw; meet above carpus to travel cranial on the forearm
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Can the lymph nodes of the thoracic limb be palpated?
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Axillary no, accessory can if present, superficial cervical can
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What two muscles does the suprascapular nerve innervate?
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Crosses neck of scapula to the Supraspinatous and infraspinatous
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What innervates the cutaneous trunci muscle?
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Lateral thoracic nerve
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What nerve innervates the extensors of the elbow and thus is necessary for weight bearing?
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Radial Nerve
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What nerve does SS_MAR_MU stand for and from what areas of the brachial plexus do they arise?
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SS: cranial (supraspinous, subscapularis) MAR: middle (musculocutaneous, axillary, radial), MU: caudal (median, ulnar)
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