Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the difference in location of spinal cord in infants and adults
|
In infants spinal cord occupies entire vertebral canal extending into sacrum
In adult the cord is shorter than the vertebral canal |
|
What is the location of the spinal cord
|
Spinal cord extends from the cranial border of the atlas to L2 only
|
|
What is the significance of the discrepancy between length of spinal cord and vertebral canal
|
The cord is shorter then the canal, so spinal roots and nerves of the lower segments must transverse longer distance to reach appropriate vertebral foramen
|
|
Cauda equina
|
A bundle of dorsal and ventral roots descending from the lumbar and sacral segments of the spinal cord to the appropriate intervertebral foramina
|
|
Name two enlargements of the spinal cord
|
Cervical enlargement - from C3 to T2, the larger and more pronounced enlargement
Lumbosacral enlargement - from L1 to S3 |
|
What is a conus medularis
|
cone shaped marking end of spinal cord, located below the lumbar enlargement
|
|
What is filum terminale
|
a thin filament originating from the conus medullaris - anchors it to coccyx
Has two parts - internal located inside dural sac and external, located below S2 |
|
Where are dorsal rootlets coming from
|
Posterolateral sulcus
|
|
Name three meningeal layers
|
Pia mater
Arachnoid mater Dura mater |
|
What is another name for dura mater
|
Pachymeninx
|
|
What is another name for pia+arachnoid mater
|
Leptomeninx
|
|
Name spaces between meninges
|
Epidural - contains external venous and arterial plexi
Subdural - a virtual space, arachnoid is held by in position by the pressure of CSF Subarachnoid space - filled with CSF and arachnoid trabeculae surrounding vessels Subpial space - internal venoud and arterial plexi |
|
Describe anatomy of dura mater (pachymenix)
|
Outermost envelope of the spinal cord, thick and dense with a lot of collagen fibers.Separated from the periosteum of vertebral canal by epidural space. Forms a tubular sac, the upper end of which is attached to the edge of foramen magnum and to the bodies of 2nd and 3d cervical vertebrae. Caudally the sac covers cauda equina and extends to S2, attached to filum terminale. Forms tubular prolongations around nerves that fuses with epineurium
|
|
Describe anatomy of arachnoid
|
Delicate membrane, separated from dura by subdural space that contains little serous fluid.
Not attached to the dura mater, only held in position by the pressure of CSF Subarachnoid space contains CSF, blood vessels and connective tissue trabeculae. Surrounds spinal cord and nerves, end at S2 |
|
Describe anatomy of pia mater
|
Covers surface of spinal cord following sulci.
Between spinal cord and pia mater there is subpial space containing vessels Forms denticulate ligament |
|
Describe denticulate ligament
|
Formed by the duplication of the pia mater between dorsal and ventral roots
Anchors dural sac to spinal cord Triangular tooth like ligaments, about 21 at cervical and thoracic levels |
|
Why is pia mater important
|
To supply vessels on surface of spinal cord during extension and flexion of spine
|
|
What are two medications used for spinal anesthesia
|
Lidocain - 2 hours
Bupivacain- 8 hours Target autonomic pain and motor fibers |
|
Lumbar puncture
|
The dural sac and its inner arachnoidal covering enclose large space around cauda equina called subarachnoid lumbar cistern, which doesnt have spinal cord, only spinal nerves and CSF
This allows to do spinal tap, between L3 and L4 |
|
Epidural injection
|
Unlike spinal tap, can be done at thoracic and cervical regions.Epidural space is small so done under fluoroscopy. Most commonly used for surgery around neck and chest, also for anti inflammatory and local anesthetics
|
|
What type of arteries supply spinal cord
|
Longitudinal arteries and Segmental arteries
|
|
Name longitudinal arteries
|
One anterior located along anterior fissure and two posterior located along posterior lateral sulci
|
|
Name segmental arteries
|
Also called radicuar arteries - vertebral, ascending cervical, intercostal, lumbar
|
|
What is the strongest segmental spinal artery
|
at upper lumbar levels, great anterior segmental medullary artery or Adamkiewicz artery
|
|
Name and describe two venous plexuses supplying spinal cord
|
Pial venous plexus and epidural venoud plexus
|
|
Describe Pial Venous plexus
|
located in pia mater, drains into epidural plexus
One anterior spinal vein located along anterior fissure Two posterolateral veins located along posterior lateral sulci One posterior spinal vein located along posterior spinal sulcus Numerous small branches between them complete plexus |
|
Describe Epidural Venous Plexus
|
Located between dura mater and periosteum of vertebra
Drains into intervertebral veins NO venous valves |