Anatomy Semester 2 Exam

Front 1

Describe how hormones bring about their effects on their target organs.

Back 1

Hormones bind to specific protein receptors on the cell membrane or in the cell. Steroidal hormones can enter the target cell. Nonsteroidal hormones cannot enter but instead bind to the plasma membrane.

Front 2

Explain how various endocrine glands are stimulated to release their hormonal products (categories of stimulus)

Back 2

Hormonal stimulus is when hormones stimulate the production of glands.
Humoral stimulus is when chemicals in the blood stimulate the production of glands.
Neural stimulus is when nerves stimulate the production of glands.

Front 3

Explain how negative feedback mechanisms regulate the blood levels of certain hormones.

Back 3

Negative feedback is the chief means for regulating the blood levels of certai hormones. The hormones begin production because of an internal or external stimulus. Then, the increasing hormone level inhibits the production of more hormones.

Front 4

Explain the functional relationship between the pituitary gland the hypothalamus.

Back 4

The hypothalamus releases hormones that control the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland. The hypothalamus also makes the hormones oxytocin and antidiuretic, which are stored in the posterior pituitary gland.

Front 5

Describe the effect of aging on the endocrine glands and give one example of deficiency of the endocrine system in old age.

Back 5

Endocrine glands work efficiently until old age, leading to decreased lgand function which can have many different effects depending on the target cells.
Diabetes mellitus is an example of a deficiency of the endocrine system.
Muscle atropy could also occur.
Menopause occurs in women.

Front 6

List three examples of organs from other body systems that release hormones.

Back 6

Small intestine
Heart
Placenta

Front 7

Chemical messenger released into the blood by endocrine glands

Back 7

hormone

Front 8

tissue, cell, or organ affected by a certain hormone

Back 8

target organ

Front 9

glands with no ducts

Back 9

endocrine glands

Front 10

glands with ducts

Back 10

exocrine glands

Front 11

controls growth of long bones and muscles; anterior pituitary

Back 11

growth hormone

Front 12

stimulates milk production in females after birth; anterior pituitary

Back 12

prolactin

Front 13

stimulates contractions during labor; posterior pituitary

Back 13

oxytocin

Front 14

inhibits urine production; posterior pituitary

Back 14

antidiuretic hormone

Front 15

controls rate of glucose oxidation; thyroid

Back 15

thyroid hormone

Front 16

decreases blood calcium levels; thyroid

Back 16

calcitonin

Front 17

increases blood calcium levels; parathyroid

Back 17

parathyroid hormone

Front 18

controls mineral or salt content of blood; adrenal cortex

Back 18

mineralocorticoids

Front 19

works as part of the sympathetic nervous system; adrenal medulla

Back 19

epinephrine

Front 20

decreases blood glucose level by increasing cells' ability to take in glucose; pancreas

Back 20

insulin

Front 21

stimulates development of female secondary sex characteristics; ovaries

Back 21

estrogen

Front 22

necessary for continuous sperm production; testes

Back 22

testosterone

Front 23

relaxes pelvis for easier birth passage

Back 23

relaxin

Front 24

white of the eye

Back 24

sclera

Front 25

contains dark pigment which prevents light from scattering in the eye; iris

Back 25

choroid

Front 26

contains photoreceptors; inner tunic

Back 26

retina

Front 27

sees gray tones

Back 27

rods

Front 28

sees colors

Back 28

cones

Front 29

ability of the eye to focus on close objects

Back 29

accommodation

Front 30

unequal curvatures in cornea or lens

Back 30

astigmatism

Front 31

area where optic nerve leaves eyeball

Back 31

blind spot

Front 32

hardening of lens, clouds vision

Back 32

cataract

Front 33

eye focuses light correctly

Back 33

emmetropia

Front 34

disorder caused by blocked drainage of aqueous humor

Back 34

glaucoma

Front 35

farsightedness

Back 35

hyperopia

Front 36

nearsightedness

Back 36

myopia

Front 37

bending of light when it moves through a substance

Back 37

refraction

Front 38

movement of eyes medially when viewing close objects

Back 38

convergence reflex

Front 39

constriction of pupil when exposed to bright light

Back 39

photopupillary reflex

Front 40

pupils constrict when viewing close objects

Back 40

accommodation pupillary reflex

Front 41

determines up and down; receptors respond to gravity in the vestibule

Back 41

static equilibrium

Front 42

receptors in semilunar canals responds to angular or rotational movements of the body

Back 42

dynamic equilibrium

Front 43

smell receptors

Back 43

olfactory receptors

Front 44

taste receptors

Back 44

taste buds

Front 45

Describe image formation on the retina

Back 45

The image is refracted. (Refraction is the bending of light). The image on the retina is called a real image. it is reversed, inverted, and smaller.

Front 46

Trace the pathway of light through the eye to the retina

Back 46

1. Cornea
2. Aqueous humor
3. Pupil
4. Aqueous humor
5. Lens
6. Vitreous humor
7. Retina

Front 47

Explain the function of the organ of Corti in hearing

Back 47

The organ of Corti is for hearing within the cochlea. Hair cells in the organ of Corti respond to vibrations and send messages to the cochlear nerve.

Front 48

Define sensorineural deafness and conduction deafness and give possible causes of each.

Back 48

Sensorineual deafness is caused by damage or degeneration to the organ of Corti, the cochlear nerve, or the neurons of the auditory complex. This is caused by excessive listening to loud music, for example.
Conduction deafness is caused by a blockage that stops the vibrations from being transmitted to the fluids of the inner ear. This is caused by something mechanical, such as built up ear wax, ruptured ear drum, or fused ossicles.

Front 49

Explain how one is able to localize the source of a sound.

Back 49

We have 2 ears, so we hear "in stereo". The sounds reach the ears at different times, so we are able to tell where the sound is coming from.

Front 50

What happens to the special sense organs as we age?

Back 50

The sense organs become less active. In the eyes, presbyopia happens with aging, which is a loss of elasticity of the lens. The eyes become dry and more vulnerable to bacterial infection and irritation. The organ of Corti suffers from degeneration or atropy, and it is hard to hear high pitch tones and speech sounds. This is called presbycusis. In the 40s, smell and taste become diminished because of the loss of these receptor cells.

Front 51

List the five basic taste sensations

Back 51

Sweet
Salty
Bitter
Sour
Umami

Front 52

List the factors that can modify taste

Back 52

temperature
texture
smell

Front 53

Explain the difference between the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit

Back 53

The pulmonary circuit brings blood to the lungs for gas exchange and brings it back to the heart.
The systemic circuit brings oxygen- and nutrient-rich blood to the body tissues

Front 54

List three factors that influence blood pressure

Back 54

Autonomic nervous system
Temperature
Diet

Front 55

List two ways to improve cardiovascular health

Back 55

Exercise regularly
Eat a diet low in fats and cholesterol

Front 56

Circulation of blood path

Back 56

Superior or inferior vena cava
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary arteries
Lungs
Pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Aorta
Body arteries
Capillaries
Body veins

Front 57

Heart contraction

Back 57

systole

Front 58

heart relaxation

Back 58

diastole

Front 59

amount of blood pumped out in each heart beat

Back 59

stroke volume

Front 60

events of one complete heart beat

Back 60

cardiac cycle

Front 61

sound of valves opening and closing

Back 61

heart sounds

Front 62

abnormal or unusual heart sounds

Back 62

murmurs

Front 63

thick vessels carrying oxygenated blood from the heart

Back 63

arteries

Front 64

vessels carrying blood back to the heart

Back 64

veins

Front 65

small vessels only one cell layer thick for easy gas exchange

Back 65

capillaries

Front 66

large artery coming out of the heart

Back 66

aorta

Front 67

large vein leading into the heart

Back 67

vena cava

Front 68

pressure of blood exerted against inner walls of blood vessels

Back 68

blood pressure

Front 69

pressure wave through arteries caused by beat of left ventricle

Back 69

pulse

Front 70

high blood pressure

Back 70

hypertension

Front 71

changes in the walls of large arteries consisting of lipid deposits on artery walls

Back 71

atherosclerosis

Front 72

interior layer of a blood vessel consisting of epithelial cells

Back 72

tunica intima

Front 73

layer of a blood vessel consisting of mostly smooth muscle

Back 73

tunica media

Front 74

layer of a blood vessel consisting of fibrous connective tissue

Back 74

tunica externa

Front 75

List three examples of cranial nerves

Back 75

optic
olfactory
vagus

Front 76

List two factors that may have harmful effects on brain development of newborns

Back 76

Maternal infection
Maternal smoking

Front 77

List two congenital brain disorders

Back 77

cerebral palsy
anencephaly

Front 78

Explain why brain size and weight decrease with age

Back 78

The human brain reaches its full size in a young adult. Over the next 60 years or so, neurons are damages and they die. Because the nervous system is formed before birth, these neurons don't grow back, so the brain size and weight decreases.

Front 79

List the major structures found in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

Back 79

Central - brain and spinal cord
Peripheral - all other nerves

Front 80

Cells that supports, insulate, and protect neurons of CNA

Back 80

neuroglia

Front 81

nerve cells

Back 81

neurons

Front 82

contains nucleus of neuron

Back 82

cell body

Front 83

fibers which send impulse to cell body

Back 83

dendrites

Front 84

fibers that send impulse away from cell body

Back 84

axon

Front 85

branching ends of axon

Back 85

axonal terminal

Front 86

gap between axonal terminal and next neuron

Back 86

synaptic cleft

Front 87

fatty material which wraps around nerve fibers to insulate

Back 87

myelin sheath

Front 88

produce myelin sheath

Back 88

Schwann cells

Front 89

collections of cell bodies in CNA

Back 89

nuclei

Front 90

collections of cell bodies in PNS

Back 90

ganglia

Front 91

bundles of fibers running through CNS

Back 91

tracts

Front 92

bundles of fibers running through PNS

Back 92

nerves

Front 93

myelinated fibers of CNS

Back 93

white matter

Front 94

unmyelinated fibers of CNS

Back 94

gray matter

Front 95

neurons which conduct impulses from sensory receptors to CNS

Back 95

sensory neurons

Front 96

neurons which transmit impulses from CNS to muscles and glands

Back 96

motor neurons

Front 97

neural pathway of reflex

Back 97

reflex arc

Front 98

rapid, predictable, and involuntary response

Back 98

reflex

Front 99

t or f
Cerebrospinal fluid forms a watery cushion around the brain and spinal cord

Back 99

true

Front 100

t or f
the blood-brain barrier helps to keep the brain's internal environment chaotic by bringing in blood-borne substances

Back 100

false

Front 101

t or f
a brain contusion usually causes permanent damage

Back 101

true

Front 102

t or f
a concussion is also known as cerebral edema

Back 102

false

Front 103

t or f
strokes of CVAs are caused by a blood clot or rupture

Back 103

true

Front 104

t or f
Alzheimer's disease results in increased cognitive and memory functions

Back 104

false

Front 105

t or f
the spinal cord is a one-way conduction pathway to the brain

Back 105

false

Front 106

t or f
gray matter is found on the interior of the spinal cord

Back 106

true

Front 107

what is the largest brain region?

Back 107

cerebrum

Front 108

What are elevated ridges of the brain's cortex called?

Back 108

gyri

Front 109

Which lobe controls vision?

Back 109

occipital

Front 110

Which lobe contains te primary motor area?

Back 110

frontal

Front 111

Which part is not in the diencephalon?

Back 111

pons

Front 112

Which part of the brain stem controls visceral activities such as heart rate?

Back 112

medulla oblongata

Front 113

What is the order o the meninges from exterior to interior?

Back 113

Dura mater
pia mater
arachnoid mater

Front 114

Sympathetic or parasympathetic
prepares the body for a threat

Back 114

sympathetic

Front 115

sympathetic or parasympathetic
resting and digesting system

Back 115

parasympathetic

Front 116

sympathetic or parasympathetic
includes some cranial nerves and nerves between S2 and S4 of spinal cord

Back 116

parasympathetic

Front 117

sympathetic or parasympathetic
increases heart rate and blood pressure

Back 117

sympathetic

Front 118

sympathetic or parasympathetic
decreases demands on cardiovascular system

Back 118

parasympathetic

Front 119

sympathetic or parasympathetic
"fight or flight" reflexes

Back 119

sympathetic

Front 120

sympathetic or parasympathetic
includes nerves between T1 and L2 of spinal cord

Back 120

sympathetic

Front 121

Events of the nerve impulse in the correct sequence

Back 121

Resting membrane
Depolarization
Action potential
Repolarization

Front 122

List the two main components of blood

Back 122

plasma
formed elements

Front 123

What is the volume of blood in an average-sized adult?

Back 123

5-6 liters

Front 124

List five components of plasma

Back 124

water
salts
respiratory gases
hormones
plasma proteins

Front 125

What happens during a transfusion reaction and why does it occur?

Back 125

Agglutination occurs because the antigens on the red blood cells are not the same. The antibodies of RBCs bind to foreign red blood cells which causes clumping. After clumping, the RBCs are lysed, or ruptured, to kill them.

Front 126

Explain the basis of physiological jaundice in some newborns.

Back 126

Physiological jaundice occurs when the fetal red blood cells are destroyed at such a rapid rate that the immature fetal liver cannot rid the body of the products of hemoglobin breakdown int he bile fast enough.

Front 127

List two blood disorders found in the elerly

Back 127

anemia
clotting disorders

Front 128

red blood cells, carry oxygen to all parts of the body

Back 128

erythrocytes

Front 129

white blood cells, part of immune system

Back 129

leukocytes

Front 130

needed to clot blood

Back 130

platelets

Front 131

decrease in oxygen-carrying ability of blood

Back 131

anemia

Front 132

increase in red blood cells

Back 132

polycythemia

Front 133

high white blood cell count, usually indicated infection

Back 133

leukocytosis

Front 134

low white blood cell count

Back 134

leukopenia

Front 135

stem cell producing all types of formed elements

Back 135

hemocytoblast

Front 136

stoppage of blood flow

Back 136

hemostasis

Front 137

clot that develops in unbroken blood vessel

Back 137

thrombus

Front 138

clot that breaks away from vessel wall

Back 138

embolus

Front 139

insufficient number of circulating platelets

Back 139

thrombocytopenia

Front 140

genetic disease resulting from lack of any blood clotting factors

Back 140

hemophilia

Front 141

blood with A antigens

Back 141

type A

Front 142

blood with B antigens

Back 142

type B

Front 143

blood with A and B antigens, least common type

Back 143

type AB

Front 144

blood without A or B antigens, most common type

Back 144

type O