Anatomy Semester 2

Front 1

Systema urinarium

Urinary system comprise?

Back 1

Urinary system comprise:

ren (2) – the kidney;

ureter (2) – the ureter;

vesica urinaria (1) – urinary bladder;

urethra (1) – the urethra.

Front 2

The urine is eliminated via organs of the urinary tract

Back 2

pelvisrenalis, ureter, vesica urinaria, urethra.

Front 3

Kidneys are a ?

Function?

Measurements?

Extremitas superior

Extremitas inferior

Back 3

The kidneys are paired organs. They produce about 1 – 1,5 l definite urine per day.

Thekidneys play a major role in controlling the water and electrolyte balance within the body andmaintaining the acid-base balance of the blood.

In an adult thekidney weighs 120 – 200 g, it is 10 – 12 cm long, 5 – 6 cm broad and 4 cm thick.

extremitas superior

Is thickand round and more near the midline than the lower. It is surrounded by the suprarenal gland,which covers also a small portion of the anterior surface.

extremitas inferior

is smaller and thinner than the superior pole.

Front 4

2 surfaces

2 margins

hilum renale?

Back 4

There are two surfaces:

facies anterior and facies posterior. The last one is more flat.

2 margins:

margo lateralis is convexand directed laterally. The medial margin –

margo medialis is concave. In its central partthere is a deep longitudinal fissure – hilum renale:

Through hilum renale the blood and lymphvessels, nerves and ureter enter and leave.

Front 5

Kidney is enveloped by?

Back 5

Capsula fibrosa

Capsula adiposa

Fascia renalis

Front 6

Capsula fibrosa

Back 6

1. capsula fibrosa – fibrous capsule lies close to cortex renis;

Front 7

Capsula adiposa

Back 7

2. capsula adiposa – formed by fat, more thick at the posterior surface and protects kidney from concussion and cooling;

Front 8

Fascia renalis

Back 8

3. fascia renalis – fascial envelope consists of two laminas –

anterior and posterior lamina.

Laterally both laminas are fused together;

medially they extend over the kidney`s surfaces.

Anterior lamina continues over the renal vessels, aorta abdominalis and v. cava inferior to join the similar plate of the other side.

Posterior lamina medially is attached to the vertebral column. Into lower direction they aren’t connected and continue into retroperitoneal tissue.

Front 9

Descensus renis

Back 9

Any form of malnutrition by decreasing the deposit of fat in capsula adiposa can cause descending of the kidney

Front 10

Sinus renalis

Back 10

Contains:

pelvis renalis and calyces renales

Is lined by:

capsula fibrosa.

Front 11

Cortex

Back 11

The cortex – cortex renalis is dark brown in colour, soft and granular in consistence, about 4– 5 mm wide.

The parts of it extend into medulla as columnae renales.

The stripes radiatingfrom the medulla to the cortex are medullary rays – radii medulares.

Front 12

Medulla

Back 12

The medulla is light brown in colour and consists of striated conical formations pyramidesrenales (up to 12 – 15).

Front 13

Lobi renales

Back 13

Renal pyramid + renal cortex above it

Front 14

Segmenta renalia

Back 14

Lobi renales supplied by 1 a.segmentalis

Front 15

Papilla renalis

Back 15

Many apices of lobi renales fuse to form papilla renalis

On papilla renalis there are present foramina papillaria through which urin is secreted

Front 16

Calyx renalis minor

Back 16

Each papilla is surrounded by this collecting duct

Front 17

Calyx renalis major

Back 17

Many calyx renalis minor is surrounded by calyx renalis major(2-3) to form a funnel shaped sac - pelvis renalis (pyelon)

Front 18

Nephronum

Back 18

Functional unit of kidney

Kidney contains about 1-1,5 million nephrons

Each nephron contains a glomerulus and its tubules

Glomerulus is a filter through which primary urine is filtered from the blood

Secondary urine is produced by reabsorption in tubules

Front 19

Nephronum

Parts:

Back 19

corpusculum renis;

portio nephroni proximalis;

ansa nephroni;

portio nephroni distalis;

pars intercalata.

Front 20

corpusculum renis;

Back 20

Corpusculum renis consists of glomerulus and capsula glomeruli.

The glomerulus containsabout 30 capillary loops; it has vas afferens and vas efferens.

The glomerulus is invaginatedinto the sac – capsula glomeruli. This capsule has pars externa and pars interna and the spacebetween them is the beginning of the tubular system, receiving primary urine.

Front 21

portio nephroni proximalis;

Back 21

Portio nephroni proximalis has two parts:

curved part – pars convoluta

straight part –pars recta.

Pars convoluta lies near corpusculum renis and continues into pars recta.

Front 22

ansa nephroni;

Back 22

2 parts:

pars descendens

pars ascendens.

Front 23

portio nephroni distalis;

Back 23

which is curved and surrounds corpusculum renis.

Front 24

pars intercalata.

Back 24

Pars intercalata is the last part of nephronum and it continues into tubulus renalis colligens.

Several tubuli renales colligentes fuse to form ductus papillaris which opens on papillarenalis.

Front 25

Ureter

Back 25

A slightly flattened paired tube, which convey the urine from the kidney to theurinary bladder. Its length is about 30 cm.

Front 26

Ureter

Path?

Male

Female

Back 26

It commences within pelvis renalis, descends along the posterior abdominal wall anteriorly tom. psoas major. At the level of art. sacroiliaca it crosses linea terminalis, continues into thepelvic cavity passing downward along its lateral wall.

Male:

Crosses ductus deferens.

Female:

In female it passes between layers of ligamentum latum

ostium ureteris

Front 27

Ureter has 3 parts

Back 27

pars abdominalis

pars pelvica

pars intramuralis

Front 28

pars abdominalis

Back 28

lies behind the peritoneum from hilum renale to linea terminalis;

Front 29

pars pelvica

Back 29

from linea terminalis till the urinary bladder;

Front 30

pars intramuralis

Back 30

passes through the wall of the urinary bladder.

Front 31

Diameter of ureter

Back 31

The diameter of the ureter is different in different parts; usually it is about 7 – 8 mm, but thereare three narrowings with the diameter 3 – 4 mm:

1.) upper narrowing is at hilum renale;

2) middle narrowing is at the level of linea terminalis;

3) lower narrowing is in the wall of the urinary bladder.

Front 32

Wall of ureter

Back 32

The wall of the ureter is composed of:

1) tunica mucosa,

2) tela submucosa (not welldeveloped),

3) tunica muscularis,

4) tunica adventitia.

Front 33

Vesica urinaria s. Cystis

Back 33

The urinary bladder is a sac which acts as a reservoir for the urine. Its capacity is about 250 –500 ml.

3 portions:

apex vesicae – projected upward;

corpus vesicae;

fundus vesicae – directed downward.

Front 34

There are two conditions of the urinary bladder:

Back 34

1) Empty

2) Distended

Front 35

Empty

Back 35

The empty urinary bladder is situated behind symphysis pubica and has two surfaces – faciesanterior et facies posterior and two lateral margins – margines laterales.

Front 36

Distended

Back 36

The distended bladder is directed upward and forward above symphysis pubica and is oval inshape.

Front 37

3 openings at fundus vesicae:

Back 37

1) Ostium ureteris dextrum

2) Ostium ureteris sinistrum

3) Ostiumurethrae internum

Front 38

On inner surface at fundus vesicae the openings border a?

Back 38

triangle –trigonum vesicae. The mucosa is fused closely with the muscular coat in this part. The twoostia ureteris are joined by the fold plica interureterica.

Front 39

Wall of bladder is composed of 4 layers

Back 39

1) tunica mucosa,

2) telasubmucosa,

3) tunica muscularis,

4) tunica adventitia or tunica serosa.

Front 40

The mucosa

Back 40

is thin, smooth and covered by transitional epithelium. There are folds in anempty urinary bladder. There are no folds in trigonum vesicae region because of the absenceof the submucosa. The mucosa also contains glands.

Front 41

Tunica muscularis

Back 41

The muscular coat is formed by smooth muscular tissue and consists of three layers – externaland internal layers are arranged longitudinally, middle layer – circulary. The fibers of thecircular layer form m. sphincter urethrae internus.

Front 42

Urethra masculina

Back 42

Urethra masculina is a tube like organ for eliminating the urine and the reproducting fluid –sperm.

The male urethra extends from the urinary bladder (ostium urethrae internum) to ostiumurethrae externum at the glans penis.

Its length varies from 15 to 22 cm, diameter about 5 – 7 mm. The male urethra is divided intothree parts:

1) pars prostatica;

2) pars membranacea;

3) pars spongiosa.

Front 43

Pars prostatica

Back 43

Pars prostatica is the widest and most extended part about of 3 cm long.

It passes throughprostata from its base to its apex.

On posterior wall of the prostatic part there is longitudinalridge crista urethralis.

In its middle part there is an elevation formed by mucous membraneand adjacent tissue – colliculus seminalis,

with a slightly depressed fossa on it – utriculusprostaticus (the remnant of ductus paramesonephricus in foetus).

On both sides of utriculusprostaticus there are openings of ductus ejaculatorius.

In the wall of the prostatic part thereare also orifices of prostatic ducts – ductuli prostatici.

Front 44

Pars membranacea

Back 44

is the shortest part about 1,5 – 2 cm long.

It extends downward between apex prostatae and bulbus penis, perforating perineum.

This part is completely surrounded by m. sphincter urethrae externus formed by striated muscular tissue.

Front 45

Pars spongiosa

Back 45

Pars spongiosa is the longest part of the urethra. It is about 15 cm long and extends from parsmembranacea to the external orifice.

It is located in corpus spongiosum penis except theupper part directly below perineum surrounded only by the connective tissue.

At bulbus penisregion glandula bulbourethralis opens into urethra.

Front 46

Urethra masculina has

Back 46

three narrowings about 4 mm in diameter and three enlargements about 10 – 12 mm in diameter:

Front 47

The male urethra has

Back 47

two curves

Front 48

The wall of urethra masculina is formed by

Back 48

two layers:

1) tunica mucosa,

2) tunica muscularis

Lacunae urethrales

Corpus spongiosum penis

Corpus cavernosum penis

fossanavicularis urethrae

Ostium urethrae externum

Front 49

Urethra feminina

Back 49

It is a narrow canal about 2,5 – 4 cm long and 8 – 12 mm in diameter.

Front 50

Extends from

Back 50

It extends from ostiumurethrae internum, passes through diaphragma urogenitalis and terminates by ostiumurethrae externum in vestibulum vaginae 2 cm behind glans clitoridis.

Urethra feminina isplaced behind symphysis pubica and imbeded into the anterior wall of the vagina.

Front 51

The wall has three layers:

Back 51

1) tunica mucosa

2) tunica muscularis

3) tunica adventitia.

Front 52

Tunica mucosa

Back 52

Tunica mucosa lines the urethra and forms longitudinal folds. It has numerous lacunaeurethrales whith glandulae urethrales.

Front 53

Tunica muscularis

Back 53

Tunica muscularis consists of external circular and internal longitudinal layers of the smoothmuscular tissue.

Circular fibres form m. sphincter urethrae internus. Ostium urethraeexternum is surrounded by sceletal muscular tissue of perineum – m. sphincter urethraeexternus.

Front 54

Differances between urethra masculina and urethra feminina

Back 54

urethra masculina –

is longer;

diameter is smaller;

it has curves,

narrowings and enlargements;

urethra feminina –

is shorter;

diameter is bigger;

it is straight;

there are no narrowings and enlargements.

Functional differences:

urethra masculina – excretes urine and sperm;

urethra feminina – excretes urine.