Anatomy & Physiology Unit 1. Chapter 1 Vocabulary

Front 1

Anatomy
“ana-” = __, “-tomy” = _____
Science of_______

Back 1

up, process of cutting
Science of body structure

Front 2

Physiology
“physio-” = ___, “-logy” = ___
Science of _______

Back 2

nature, study of
Science of body function

Front 3

6 Levels of Body Organization

Back 3

1. Chemical:
2. Cellular:
3. Tissue:
4. Organ:
5. System:
6. Organism:

Front 4

Chemical:

Back 4

atom, molecule, macromolecule

Front 5

Cellular:

Back 5

organelle, cell (basic unit of life)

Front 6

Tissue:

Back 6

group of cells, surrounding material

Front 7

Organ:

Back 7

group of tissues w/ common function

Front 8

System:

Back 8

group of organs w/ common function

Front 9

Organism:

Back 9

contains all systems in the body

Front 10

Ways to Study Anatomy:

Back 10

Observational
Gross (macroscopic) anatomy
--Surface
--Regional
--Systemic
--Developmental
Microscopic anatomy
--Cytology
--Histology

Front 11

Ways to Study Physiology

Back 11

Scientific method
--Observation
--Hypothesis
--Experiment
--Conclusion

Front 12

Types of Physiology

Back 12

“Levels” (cell vs. organ vs. system) physiology
Pathological physiology
Developmental physiology

Front 13

6 Life Processes: What Makes Something “Alive”?

Back 13

Metabolism:
Responsiveness:
Movement:
Growth:
Differentiation:
Reproduction:

Front 14

Reproduction:

Back 14

formation of new cells for growth/repair/replacement or production of new individual

Front 15

Differentiation:

Back 15

unspecialized cells yield specialized

Front 16

Growth:

Back 16

increase in body size due to increase in size of existing cells, # of cells, or amount of surrounding material

Front 17

Movement:

Back 17

motion of whole body, organs, cells

Front 18

Responsiveness:

Back 18

ability to detect & respond to changes in internal or external environment

Front 19

Metabolism:

Back 19

all chemical processes in the body

Front 20

Homeostasis
“Homeo-” = ___, “-stasis” = ___

Back 20

same, standing still

Front 21

Homeostasis: Process of maintaining stable internal environment in the face of…

Back 21

1. changes in external environment as a result of interacting with the world
2. changes in internal environment as a result of carrying out life processes

Front 22

Homeostasis: Dynamic process is Maintained by Dynamic process maintained by

Back 22

negative feedback systems

Front 23

negative feedback systems

Back 23

“Opposite,” not “bad”
Reverses departure from homeostasis, bring variable back to normal

Front 24

Examples of Negative Feed Back System

Back 24

Blood pressure, hormone secretion, blood sugar levels, body water content, body pH levels

Hint 24

Slide example: you are hiking in the sun. You get Hot. Body temp rises causing your body to release a chemical causing you to sweat. Sweat evaporates on the skin and lowers your body temp.

Front 25

Steps of Negative Feedback Loop

Back 25

1. Normal Homeostasis distrubed
2. Receptors: Temp sensors in skin and Hypothalmus
3. Information affects the thermoregulatory center in the brain.
4. Sends commands to the Effectors causing sweat glands to secrete.
5. Normal temp restored. Homeostasis.

Front 26

Physiological Terms:Positive Feedback

Back 26

Less common
Promotes/accelerates departure from homeostasis (i.e., “feed-forward” response)
For specific purpose & duration
Must be controlled or can be “run-away” response
Uterine contractions
Blood clotting

Hint 26

Example:
1. break in blood vessel will cause bleeding
2. Dmged cells release chemicals
3. Clotting begins
4. additional chemicals released and clotting accelorates (positive feed back loop)
5. Blood clot plugs the break in the vessel wall stopping the bleeding.

Front 27

Anatomical Position

Back 27

1. Stand straight, head level, eyes forward, palms forward, toes straight ahead
2. “Reference” position
3. “Left,” “right” for subject, not observer

Front 28

Planes of the Body

Back 28

1. Frontal/Coronal- Anterior-posterior
2. Transverse- Superior-inferior
3. Sagittal- Left-right

Front 29

1. Frontal/Coronal-

Back 29

Anterior-posterior

Front 30

2. Transverse-

Back 30

Superior-inferior

Front 31

3. Sagittal-

Back 31

Left-right

Front 32

Cavity Points to Note:
Diaphragm

Back 32

Seperates the Thoracic Cavity and the Abdominopelvic Cavity

Front 33

Anatomical Landmarks:
Supine

Back 33

A person lying face up in in the anatomical position

Front 34

Anatomical Landmarks:
Prone

Back 34

a person lying face down in the anatomical position

Front 35

Anatomical Landmarks:
Abdominopelvic Quadrants

Back 35

4 quadrants formed by a pair of imaginary perpendicular lines that intersect at the umbilicus (navel). Provides reference points for aches, pains, and injuries.Helps physicians determine possible causes.

Front 36

Anatomical Landmarks:
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
(4)

Back 36

Upper Right Quadrant
Lower Right Quadrant
Upper Left Quadrant
Lower Left Quadrant

Front 37

Anatomical Landmarks:
Abdominopelvic Regions

Back 37

more percise method to describe the location and orientation of internal organs. Shows the relationship between quadrants, regions, and internal organs.

Front 38

Anatomical Landmarks:
Abdominopelvic Regions
(9)

Back 38

1. Right/Left Hypoconhriac Region
2. Right/Left Lumbar Region
3. Right/Left Inguinal Region
4. Epigastric Region
5. Umbilical Region
6. Hypogastric Region

Front 39

Anatomical Landmarks: Anterior
Frontal or

Back 39

Forehead

Front 40

Anatomical Landmarks: Anterior
Nasal, or

Back 40

Nose

Front 41

Anatomical Landmarks: Anterior
Ocular; orbital

Back 41

eye

Front 42

Anatomical Landmarks: Anterior
Otic

Back 42

Ear

Front 43

Anatomical Landmarks: Anterior
Buccal

Back 43

Cheek

Front 44

Anatomical Landmarks: Anterior
Cervical

Back 44

Neck

Front 45

Anatomical Landmarks: Anterior
Thoracic

Back 45

Thorax, Chest

Front 46

Anatomical Landmarks: Anterior
Mammary

Back 46

Breast

Front 47

Anatomical Landmarks: Anterior
Abdominal

Back 47

Abdomen

Front 48

Anatomical Landmarks: Anterior
Umbilical

Back 48

Navel

Front 49

Anatomical Landmarks: Anterior
Pelvic

Back 49

Pelvis

Front 50

Anatomical Landmarks: Anterior
Manuel

Back 50

Hand

Front 51

Anatomical Landmarks: Anterior
Inguinal

Back 51

Groin

Front 52

Anatomical Landmarks: Anterior
Pubic

Back 52

Pubis

Front 53

Anatomical Landmarks: Anterior
Femoral

Back 53

Thigh

Front 54

Anatomical Landmarks: Anterior
Pedal

Back 54

Foot

Front 55

Anatomical Landmarks: Anterior
Hallux

Back 55

Great Toe

Front 56

Anatomical Landmarks: Anterior
Digits (Phalanges)

Back 56

toes

Front 57

Anatomical Landmarks: Anterior
Tarsal

Back 57

Ankle

Front 58

Anatomical Landmarks: Anterior
Crural

Back 58

Leg

Front 59

Anatomical Landmarks: Anterior
Patellar

Back 59

Kneecap

Front 60

Anatomical Landmarks: Anterior
Digits

Back 60

Fingers

Front 61

Anatomical Landmarks: Anterior
Palmar

Back 61

Palm

Front 62

Anatomical Landmarks: Anterior
Carpal

Back 62

wrist

Front 63

Anatomical Landmarks: Anterior
Antebrachial

Back 63

Forearm

Front 64

Anatomical Landmarks: Anterior
Antecubital

Back 64

Front of Elbow

Front 65

Anatomical Landmarks: Anterior
Brachial

Back 65

Arm

Front 66

Anatomical Landmarks: Anterior
Axillary

Back 66

Armpit

Front 67

Anatomical Landmarks: Anterior
Mental

Back 67

Chin

Front 68

Anatomical Landmarks: Anterior
Oral

Back 68

Mouth

Front 69

Anatomical Landmarks: Anterior
Cephalic

Back 69

Head

Front 70

Anatomical Landmarks: Anterior
Cranial
Facial

Back 70

Skull
Face

Front 71

Anatomical Landmarks: Posterior
Cephalic

Back 71

Head

Front 72

Anatomical Landmarks: Posterior
Cervical

Back 72

Neck

Front 73

Anatomical Landmarks: Posterior
Upper Limb

Back 73

Arm from Shoulder to Finger tip

Front 74

Anatomical Landmarks: Posterior
Lower Limb

Back 74

Leg from Hip to Heal

Front 75

Anatomical Landmarks: Posterior
Plantar

Back 75

Sole of Foot

Front 76

Anatomical Landmarks: Posterior
Calcaneal

Back 76

Heel of Foot

Front 77

Anatomical Landmarks: Posterior
Sural

Back 77

Calf

Front 78

Anatomical Landmarks: Posterior
Popliteal

Back 78

Back of Knee

Front 79

Anatomical Landmarks: Posterior
Gluteal

Back 79

Buttock

Front 80

Anatomical Landmarks: Posterior
Lumbar

Back 80

Loin

Front 81

Anatomical Landmarks: Posterior
Olecranal

Back 81

Back of Elbow

Front 82

Anatomical Landmarks: Posterior
Dorsal

Back 82

Back

Front 83

Anatomical Landmarks: Posterior
Acromial

Back 83

Shoulder

Front 84

Directional Terms:
Anterior

Back 84

The Front Surface

Hint 84

The navel is on the Anterior surface of the trunk

Front 85

Directional Terms:
Ventral

Back 85

The belly side. (Equivalent to the Anterior)

Hint 85

The navel is on the VENTRAL surface of the trunk

Front 86

Directional Terms:
Posterior or Dorsal

Back 86

The back surface

Hint 86

the shoulder blade is located posterior to the ribcage

Front 87

Directional Terms:
Cranial or Cephalic

Back 87

The Head

Hint 87

The Cranial, border to the pelvis is on the side toward the head rather than the thigh

Front 88

Directional Terms:
Superior

Back 88

Above, at a higher level

Hint 88

The cranial border to the pelvis is superior to the high

Front 89

Directional Terms:
Caudal

Back 89

The tail (Coccyx)

Hint 89

the hips are Caudal to the waist

Front 90

Directional Terms:
Inferior

Back 90

Below, at a lower point

Hint 90

The knees are inferior to the hips

Front 91

Directional Terms:
medial

Back 91

Toward the body's longitudinal axis; toward the midsagittal plane.

Hint 91

Moving medially from the arm across the chest surface brings you to the sternum.

Front 92

Directional Terms:
Lateral

Back 92

Away from the body's longitudinal axis; away from the midsaggital plane.

Hint 92

moving laterally from the nose brings you to the cheek.

Front 93

Directional Terms:
Proximal

Back 93

Toward an attached Base

Hint 93

the thigh is proximal to the foot.

Front 94

Directional Terms:
Distal

Back 94

Away from an attached base.

Hint 94

the fingers are distal to the wrist.

Front 95

Directional Terms:
Superficial

Back 95

At, near, or close to the body's surface

Hint 95

the skin is superficial to underlying structures.

Front 96

Directional Terms:
Deep

Back 96

Farther from the body surface

Hint 96

the bone in the thigh is deep within the muscle.

Front 97

Directional Terms: Sectional Planes
Transverse or Horizontal

Back 97

Perpendicular to Long axis

Hint 97

A transverse, or horizontal, this section separates superior and inferior portions of the body. A cut in this plane is called a cross section.

Front 98

Directional Terms: Sectional Planes
Sagittal

Back 98

Parallel to long axis

Hint 98

A Sagittal section separates right and left portions.

Front 99

Directional Terms: Sectional Planes
Midsagittal

Back 99

the plane passes through the midline; dividing the body into right and left sides

Front 100

Directional Terms: Sectional Planes
parasagittal

Back 100

a cut parallel to the midsagittal plane, separates the body into right and left portions of unequal size.

Front 101

Directional Terms: Sectional Planes
Frontal or Coronal

Back 101

section that separates anterior and posterior portions of the body. Coronal refers to sections passing through the skull.

Front 102

Functions of Body Cavity :
1.
2.

Back 102

1. Protect organs from shock and impact.
2. permit changes in size and shape of organ.

Front 103

Body Cavity:
Ventral Body Cavity

Back 103

Develops early in embryonic stages. contains organs of the respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems. RCDUR

Front 104

Body Cavity: Ventral Body Cavity
Subdivides into ___ and ___ during early development

Back 104

Thoracic Cavity
Abdominalpelvic cavity

Front 105

Body Cavity: Thoracic Cavity
Surrounded by___and____
Conisists of: ___,___,___,___

Back 105

1. Chest wall and diaphragm
2. Right Pleural Cavity, Mediastinum, Pericardial Cavity, Left Pleural Cavity

Front 106

Body Cavity: Thoracic CavityRight Pleural Cavity: Surrounds ___

Back 106

Right Lung

Front 107

Body Cavity: Thoracic CavityMediastinum: Contains ___

Back 107

the treachea, esophagus, and major vessels

Front 108

Body Cavity: Thoracic Cavity
Pericardial Cavity: Surrounds ___

Back 108

Heart

Front 109

Body Cavity: Thoracic Cavity
Left Pleural Cavity: Surrounds ___

Back 109

Left Lung

Front 110

Body Cavity: Abdominopelvic Cavity
Contains ___,___,___

Back 110

1. Peritoneal Cavity
2. Abdominal Cavity
3. Pelvic Cavity

Front 111

Body Cavity: Abdominopelvic Cavity
Peritoneal Cavity: Extends throughout ___

Back 111

abdominal cavity and into superior portion of pelvic cavity

Front 112

Body Cavity: Abdominopelvic Cavity
Abdominal Cavity: Contains many ___

Back 112

digestive glands and organs

Front 113

Body Cavity: Abdominopelvic Cavity
Pelvic Cavity: contains ___, ___,___

Back 113

1. Urinary bladder
2. reproductive organs
3. last portion of the digestive tract

Front 114

Cavity Points to Note:
Viscera-

Back 114

Guts/Organs

Front 115

Cavity Points to Note:
Serous membrane:

Back 115

double-layered

Front 116

Serous membrane:
Parietal layer:

Back 116

lines the walls of the cavities

Front 117

Serous membrane:
Visceral layer:

Back 117

covers & adheres to viscera

Front 118

Serous membrane:
Pleura:

Back 118

serous m. for pleural cavities

Front 119

Serous membrane:
Pericardium:

Back 119

serous m. for pericardial cavity

Front 120

Serous membrane:
Peritoneum:

Back 120

serous m. for abd-pelvic cavity

Front 121

Gross (Macroscopic) Anatomy-

Back 121

involves the examination of relatively large structures and features usually visible with the unaided eye.

Front 122

Surface Anatomy-

Back 122

A type of Gross Anatomy. Study of general form and superficial markings.

Front 123

Regional Anatomy-

Back 123

A type of Gross Anatomy- Focuses on the anatomical organization of specific areas of the body.

Front 124

Systemic Anatomy-

Back 124

A type of Gross Anatomy. The study of organ systems.

Front 125

Organ system-

Back 125

groups of organs that function together in a coordinated manner.

Front 126

Developmental Anatomy-

Back 126

A type of Gross Anatomy. Describes the changes in form from conception and physical maturity.

Front 127

Embryology-

Back 127

The study of early development processes.

Front 128

Clinical Anatomy-

Back 128

A type of Gross Anatomy. includes subspecialities included in clinical practice

Front 129

Microscopic Anatomy-

Back 129

deals with structures that cannot be seen without magnification, and the boundaries are set by equipment used.

Front 130

What are the two major divisions of Microscopic Anatomy?

Back 130

Cytology and Histology.

Front 131

Cytology-

Back 131

The study of internal structure of individual cells.

Front 132

Histology-

Back 132

examination of tissues.

Front 133

Cells-

Back 133

The smallest unit of life

Front 134

Tissues

Back 134

groups of specialized cells that work together to preform a specific function.

Front 135

Tissues combine to form

Back 135

Organs

Front 136

Human Physiology-

Back 136

Study of the functions of the human body

Front 137

Levels of Organization:
The Chemical/Molecular Level-

Back 137

Atoms

Front 138

Levels of Organization:
The Cellular Level

Back 138

Cells

Front 139

Levels of Organization:
Tissue Level

Back 139

Tissue

Front 140

Levels of Organization:
Organ Level

Back 140

Organs

Front 141

Levels of Organization:
Organ System Level

Back 141

Organ system.

Front 142

Levels of Organization:
Organism Level

Back 142

Organisms

Front 143

Homeostasis

Back 143

the tendency toward internal balance.

Front 144

Homeostatic Regulation

Back 144

the adjustment of physiological systems to preserve homeostasis.

Front 145

Autoregulation-

Back 145

intrinsic regulation. When a cell, tissue, organ, or organ system adjusts its activities in response to environmental change

Front 146

Exrinsic Regulation-

Back 146

results from activities of the nervous and endocrine system. they adjust the activities of other systems simultaneously.

Front 147

Three parts of a Homeostatic Regulatory System-

Back 147

1. Receptor
2. Control Center
3. Effector

Front 148

Homeostatic Regulatory System:
Receptor (1st step)

Back 148

a sensor that is sensitive to a particular stimulus/environmental change.

Front 149

Homeostatic Regulatory System:
Control Center (2nd step)

Back 149

integration center. receives and processes the information received by the receptor, and sends out commands.

Front 150

Homeostatic Regulatory System:
Effector (3rd step)

Back 150

a cell or organ that responds to the commands of the control center and whos activity either opposes or enhances the stimulus.

Front 151

Homeostatic Regulatory System:
Set Point

Back 151

desired value of the body in the homeostatic regulatory system.

Front 152

Negative Feedback

Back 152

A variation outside the desired set point (range) triggers an automatic response that corrects the situation.

Front 153

Negative feedback opposes

Back 153

variations from normal.

Front 154

Positive feedback exaggerates

Back 154

variations from normal.

Front 155

Negative feedback is the primary mechanism of

Back 155

homeostatic regulation. it provides long term control over the body's internal conditions and systems.

Front 156

State of Equalibirium

Back 156

exists when opposing processes are in balance. example: in the body- rate of heat loss= rate of heat production.

Front 157

Dynamic Equalibrium

Back 157

each physiological system constantly functions to maintain a state of equalibrium that keeps vital conditions within normal range. ex- when muscles function, they produce more heat. more heat must be used, so you sweat.

Front 158

Chemistry

Back 158

Science that deals with the structure of matter.

Front 159

Atoms

Back 159

Smallest stable units of matter.

Front 160

Atoms are composed of

Back 160

Subatomic particles

Front 161

Three important subatomic particles:

Back 161

1. Protons
2. Neutrons
3. Electrons

Front 162

Protons

Back 162

Located in the nucleus. Have a + charge.

Front 163

Neutrons

Back 163

Located in the nucleus. Have a - charge.

Front 164

Electrons

Back 164

Located in the orbital shell. have a -charge.

Front 165

Element

Back 165

pure substance composed of atams of only 1 kind.

Front 166

Major elements

Back 166

(96% of you): O, C, H, N

Front 167

Lesser elements

Back 167

(3.98% of you): Ca, P, K, S, Na, Cl, Mg, Fe

Front 168

Trace elements

Back 168

(0.2% of you): 14 total

Front 169

Nucleus

Back 169

made of protons (p+) & neutrons (n0)

Front 170

atomic #

Back 170

# of p+

Front 171

Back 171

e- occupy a series of orbits, or shells, around the nucleus
Outermost e- shell determines reactivity of an atom

Front 172

8 e- in outer orbit =

Back 172

happy (stable!) atom

Front 173

6 or 7 e- in outer orbit =

Back 173

want to gain e-

Front 174

1 or 2 e- in outer orbit =

Back 174

want to lose e-

Front 175

Ion:

Back 175

atom that has lost or gained e-

Front 176

Cation:

Back 176

ion with positive charge (Na+, lose e-)

Front 177

Anion:

Back 177

ion with negative charge (Cl-, gain e-)
A Negative ION

Front 178

Molecule:

Back 178

combination of 2 or more atoms. Often will be atoms from same element

Front 179

Compound:

Back 179

Atoms of different elements

Front 180

Ionic bond:

Back 180

created by atom permanently donating e- to another atom

Front 181

Covalent bond:

Back 181

created by atoms sharing e- pairs (polar vs. non-polar)

Front 182

Hydrogen bond:

Back 182

attraction between + end of one molecule and - end of another (polarity)
Opposite charges attract molecules to each other.
Weak, joins molecules with other molecules

Front 183

Ionic Bond Diagram

Back 183

Ionic Bond Diagram

Front 184

Covalent Bond Diagram
Single, Double, Triple, Non-Polar, Polar

Back 184

Covalent Bond Diagram

Front 185

Work:

Back 185

movement of object or D in physical structure of matter…accomplishes a task!
Boiling water, running, car rolling down a hill, etc.

Front 186

Energy:

Back 186

Energy: capacity to perform work

Front 187

Potential energy:

Back 187

stored energy (top of hill)

Front 188

Kinetic energy:

Back 188

energy of motion (rolling down)

Front 189

Potential -->kinetic not 100% efficient. Why?

Back 189

Large amount of energy is lost as heat.

Front 190

Chemical potential energy -->

Back 190

kinetic energy
Ex: Energy stored in the Phosphate Bonds of ATP. When the bonds are broken, Energy is released.

Front 191

Chemical reactions:

Back 191

process of breaking and forming chemical bonds. Enables cells to live and function (metabolism)

Front 192

Decomposition reactions

Back 192

(aka, catabolism): Break down
A-B -> A + B + heat (roll car down the hill)
Hydrolysis: A-B + H2O -> A-H + HO-B

Front 193

Synthesis reactions

Back 193

(aka, anabolism): Building
A + B + energy -> A-B (roll car back up the hill)
Dehydration synthesis: A-H + HO-B  A-B + H2O

Front 194

Activation energy:

Back 194

amt of energy required to start reaction (or push car down hill)

Front 195

Enzyme:

Back 195

special proteins that lower the activation energy of a reaction, speed it up. A type of catalyst. Generally end in “-ase”. Ex. Telomerase.

Front 196

Inorganic Chemistry:

Back 196

Simple smaller molecules
no C-H bonds
H2O, CO2, O2, acids, bases, salts

Front 197

Organic Chemistry:

Back 197

Complex (often larger) molecules, C-H bonds
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Front 198

Water is the most-

Back 198

Most abundant chemical in body

Front 199

Physical/chemical characteristics of Water: 1-6?

Back 199

Absorb/release heat slowly
Hydrogen bonds
Breaks ionic bonds
Solvent
Lubricant
Common in chem rxns

Front 200

Hydrophilic:

Back 200

“water-loving”

Front 201

Hydrophobic:

Back 201

“water-fearing”

Front 202

Electrolytes:

Back 202

soluble inorganic molecules whose ions conduct electrical current in sol’n
Muscle/heart contraction, nerve conduction

Front 203

Acid:

Back 203

H+ donor (HCl, citric, acetic, ascorbic)

Front 204

Base:

Back 204

OH- donor (KOH, NaOH)

Front 205

Acid + base =

Back 205

neutral

Front 206

Salt:

Back 206

molecule that dissociates into something other than H+ or OH- (NaCl, KCl, CaCl2)

Front 207

pH:

Back 207

measure of H+ in a solution

Front 208

Scale:
Neutral:
Physiological:

Back 208

Scale 0-14 (log)
Neutral: 7
Physiological: 7.4

Front 209

Buffer:

Back 209

can absorb excess H+ (if too acidic) or release H+ (if too basic) to maintain pH- example of this is Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system

Front 210

Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system

Back 210

an internal Buffer system. Carbonic Acid releases a H+ to become Bicarbonate. Reversely, it can add a H+ to become Carbonic Acid.

Front 211

Organic Molecules are: 1-4

Back 211

Complex, large compounds
Contain C,H, and usually O
Can also include N, P, S, Fe
C-H covalent bonds

Front 212

Organic functional groups influence

Back 212

molecular properties

Front 213

Carbon:

Back 213

4 covalent bonds (share 4 outer e-)
H forms 1 covalent bond
C mostly bonds with H or other C

Front 214

Hydroxyl:

Back 214

-OH

Front 215

Carboxyl:

Back 215

-COOH

Front 216

Amino:

Back 216

-NH2

Front 217

Phosphate:

Back 217

-PO4

Front 218

Carbohydrates:

Back 218

Family of organic compounds that includes sugars, starches, glycogen, & cellulose

Front 219

Carbohydrates: are an important source of

Back 219

energy

Front 220

Carbohydrates are made of rings of :
have a _:_ ratio
example:

Back 220

Made of rings of C, H, O
1:2:1
C6H12O6: glucose

Front 221

Monosaccharides:

Back 221

1 ring

Front 222

Disaccharides:

Back 222

2 rings

Front 223

Polysaccharides:

Back 223

many rings

Front 224

Carbohydrates Diagram

Back 224

Carbohydrates Diagram

Front 225

Lipids are made up of:
have an H ratio of _:_

Back 225

Made of C,H,O, but fewer O than carbs
C:H ratio is 1:2

Front 226

Lipids are Hydrophobic or Hydrophillic? Why?

Back 226

Hydrophobic (C-H groups non-polar)

Front 227

Lipids: Fatty Acids
Saturated:

Back 227

contains max # of H
Single covalent bonds
Stable, hard to break down

Front 228

Lipids: Fatty Acids
Unsaturated:

Back 228

contains fewer H
Double covalent bond(s)
Less stable, easier to break down

Front 229

Lipids: Saturated vs Unsaturated Diagram

Back 229

Lipids: Saturated vs Unsaturated Diagram

Front 230

Lipids: Triglycerides
Most common lipid in __ and __
also used to __ the body and __organs.

Back 230

Most common lipid in body & diet
Insulation
Protection

Front 231

Lipids: Triglycerides
are an efficient source of __
__kcal/g
__kcal/lb
1FA=__x >1glucose

Back 231

Efficient energy source
9 kcal/g
3500 kcal/lb
1 FA = 3x > 1 glucose

Front 232

Lipids: Triglycerides
is the glycerol ___ with 3 FA

Back 232

Glycerol backbone + 3 FA

Front 233

Lipids: Triglycerides Diagram

Back 233

Lipids: Triglycerides Diagram

Front 234

Lipids: Steroids
essential in the body functions:
1. __ __ component
2. __ signaling
3. Digestion of __

Back 234

Essential in body functions:
Cell membrane component
Hormone signaling
Digestion of fats

Front 235

Lipids: Steroids
Examples include:

Back 235

Cholesterol
Testosterone, estrogen
Cortisol, hydrocortisone

Front 236

Lipids: Phospholipids
Main component of cell ___. AKA "___".

Back 236

Main component of cell membranes
“Phospholipid bilayer”

Front 237

Lipids: Phospholipids are ___ meaning both water fearing and water loving.

Back 237

Amphipathic

Front 238

Lipids: Phospholipids
___ links __ FA (diglyceride) “tails” to non-lipid, ___“head”

Back 238

PO4 links 2 FA (diglyceride) “tails” to non-lipid, polar “head”

Front 239

Lipids: Phospholipids Spontaneously congregate to form ___

Back 239

micelles
Example: lecithin

Front 240

Lipids: Phospholipids Diagram

Back 240

Lipids: Phospholipids Diagram

Front 241

Proteins are the most __ and make up ___% of the body weight.

Back 241

Most abundant organic compound in body 20% of body weight

Front 242

Proteins: 7 types:SCTEBAH

Back 242

Structural
Contractile
Transport
Enzymes
Buffering
Antibodies
Hormones

Front 243

Proteins are not a fuel source, except in

Back 243

starvation

Front 244

Proteins are composed of

Back 244

C,H,O,N, sometimes S or P

Front 245

Proteins are longs strands of ___

Back 245

Long strands of building blocks called amino acids (think: beads on a necklace)

Front 246

Amino Acids: there are __ total. ___and non-___

Back 246

20. Essential and non essential.

Front 247

proteins are considered anions because

Back 247

R group is often negatively charged,

Front 248

Protein: Amino Acid Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis Diagram

Back 248

Protein: Amino Acid Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis Diagram

Front 249

dipeptide

Back 249

2 AAs connected by peptide bond:

Front 250

tripeptide

Back 250

3 AAs connected by peptide bond

Front 251

polypeptide

Back 251

4+ AAs connected by peptide bonds

Front 252

protein is

Back 252

Polypeptides w/ 100+ AAs

Front 253

Proteins: Structure & Function

Back 253

Protein shape (structure) -> protein function

Front 254

Proteins: Structure & Function
What determines protein shape?

Back 254

Primary structure
Secondary structure
Tertiary structure
Quaternary structure:
Denaturing

Front 255

Primary structure:

Back 255

AA sequence itself

Front 256

Secondary structure:

Back 256

AA interactions

Front 257

Tertiary structure:

Back 257

complex folding of 2° structures to give 3-D appearance

Front 258

Quaternary structure:

Back 258

2+ tertiary sub-units

Front 259

Denaturing:

Back 259

protein structure (thus function) altered due to non-homeostasis

Front 260

Proteins: Structure & Function
Structure Diagram

Back 260

Proteins: Structure & Function
Structure Diagram

Front 261

Nucleic Acids: Family of organic compounds that

Back 261

store & process information inside the cell

Front 262

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Back 262

(DNA)—the blueprints

Front 263

Ribonucleic acid

Back 263

(RNA)—the builders

Front 264

Nucleic Acids are made up of

Back 264

C,H,O,N,P

Front 265

Nucleic Acids have 2 components:

Back 265

Nucleotides: N-based building blocks
(Deoxy)ribose-PO4 backbone

Front 266

Nucleic Acids:
Nucleotides:

Back 266

N-based building blocks

Front 267

Nucleic Acids:
(Deoxy)ribose-

Back 267

PO4 backbone

Front 268

ATP

Back 268

Adenosine Triphosphate

Front 269

ATP is the

Back 269

Energy currency

Front 270

ATP is the End point of

Back 270

sugar, fat catabolism

Front 271

Energy in bonds
ATP ->___

Back 271

ATP -> ADP + Pi

Front 272

Anatomy of a Cell:
Plasma membrane

Back 272

The skin
Barrier

Front 273

Anatomy of a Cell:
Nucleus

Back 273

The brain
DNA, chromosomes

Front 274

Anatomy of a Cell:
Cytoplasm

Back 274

The guts
Cytosol + organelles

Front 275

Overview of Cells:
Smallest functional ___
Produced by division of ___.

Back 275

unit of life
pre-existing cells

Front 276

Overview of Cells:
Somatic cells

Back 276

(mitosis)

Front 277

Overview of Cells:
Sex cells/gametes

Back 277

(meiosis)

Front 278

Cytology

Back 278

The study of cells

Front 279

The Cell:
Plasma/Cell membrane: General functions

Back 279

1. Physical isolation
2. Regulation of exchange of material between inside and outside
3. Sensitivity to the environment
4. Structural support.

Front 280

Plasma Membrane:
Functions

Back 280

Barrier btwn inside, outside of cell
Regulate exchange w/ environment
Receive signals (chemical, mechanical)

Front 281

Plasma Membrane:
Membrane structures - support function

Back 281

Phospholipid bilayer: barrier
Cholesterol: reinforce barrier, anchors proteins
Proteins: control entry, receive/transmit signals (receptors), anchor, recognition, enzymes
CHOs: lubricate, protect, anchor

Front 282

Plasma Membrane:
Phospholipid bilayer:

Back 282

barrier

Front 283

Plasma Membrane:
Cholesterol:

Back 283

reinforce barrier, anchors proteins

Front 284

Plasma Membrane:
Proteins:

Back 284

control entry, receive/transmit signals (receptors), anchor, recognition, enzymes

Front 285

Plasma Membrane
CHOs:

Back 285

lubricate, protect, anchor

Front 286

Plasma Membrane:
Integral Proteins

Back 286

Span the width of the membrane one or more times- transmembrane proteins.

Front 287

Plasma Membrane:
Peripheral Proteins

Back 287

bound to the inner and outer surface of the membrane and are easily separated.

Front 288

Plasma Membrane:
Anchoring Proteins

Back 288

attach the plasma membrane to other structures and stabilize its position.

Front 289

Plasma Membrane:
Recognition Proteins

Back 289

recgonize other cells as normal or abnormal.

Front 290

Plasma Membrane:
Enzymes

Back 290

catalyze reactions in the extracellular fluid or the cytosol

Front 291

Plasma Membrane:
Receptor Proteins

Back 291

are sensitive to a specific extracellular molecule

Front 292

Plasma Membrane:
Carrier Proteins

Back 292

bind solutes and transport them across the membrane

Front 293

Plasma Membrane:
Channels

Back 293

an integral protein with a central pore that forms a passageway across the membrane.

Front 294

Plasma membrane:
what are the differences between Cytosol and extracellular fluid?

Back 294

cytosol contains more sodium ions. Extracellular fluid contains more potassium ions. Cytosol has a creater [suspended proteins]. Cytosol contains small quantities of proteins amino acids and lipids.

Front 295

Organelles:

Back 295

are the internal structures that perform most of the tasks that keep a cell alive and functioning. Include the cytoskeleton, ribocomes, and microvili ect.

Front 296

Nonmembraneous Organelles:

Back 296

not completly enclosed by a membrane. all of their contents are exposed to the cytosol. Ex: the ER, GA, and Lyososomes.

Front 297

Membranous Organelles

Back 297

are isolated from the cell by a phospholipid bilayer.

Front 298

Cytoskeleton

Back 298

functions as the cells skeleton, providing str and stability.

Front 299

What makes up the Cytoskeleton

Back 299

Microfiliments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.

Front 300

Cytoskeleton:
Microfilaments are made of ___. and most commonly make up the ___ of the cell

Back 300

are made of actin protein. and most commonly make up the periphery of the cell

Front 301

Cytoskeleton:
Microfilaments anchor the ___to ___s of the plasma membrane.

Back 301

anchor the cytoskeleton to intergral proteins of the plasma membrane.

Front 302

Cytoskeleton:
Microfilaments determine the ___of the ___.

Back 302

determine the consistancy of the cytoplasm.

Front 303

Actin can interact with the protein ___ to produce movement of a portion of a cell or to change the ______.

Back 303

Actin can interact with the protein myosin to produce movement of a portion of a cell or to change the shape of the entire cell.

Front 304

Cytoskeleton:
Intermediatefilaments are ___in size and ___the cell and help maintain its ___, stabilize the position of ___, and stabilize the cell with respect to ___.

Back 304

Cytoskeleton:
Intermediatefilaments are intermediate in size and strengthen the cell and help maintain its shape, stabilize the position of organelles, and stabilize the cell with respect to surrounding cells.

Front 305

Cytoskeleton:
Microtubules are ___tubes built from globular protein ___. Are the ___ component of the cytoskeleton.

Back 305

Microtubules are hallow tubes built from globular protein tubulin. Are the largest component of the cytoskeleton.

Front 306

Microtubules form the ___components of the cytoskeleton, giving the cell ___and rigidity and anchoring the position of the ___.

Back 306

Microtubules form the primary components of the cytoskeleton, giving the cell strength and rigity and anchoring the position of the organelles.

Front 307

The dis-assembly of ___provides a mechanism for changing the ___of the cell. possibly for ___.

Back 307

The dis-assembly of microtubules provides a mechanism for changing the shape of the cell. possibly for movement.

Front 308

Microtubles can move ___or other organelles within the cell.

Back 308

Microtubles can move vesicles or other organelles within the cell.

Front 309

During division, Microtubules form the ___.

Back 309

During division, Microtubules form the spindle apparatus.

Front 310

microtubules form structural components of organelles, such as centrioles and cilia.

Back 310

microtubules form ___components of organelles, such as ___and ___.

Front 311

Nucleus:
Nuclear envelope:

Back 311

Double-bilayer membrane

Front 312

Nucleus:
Nuclear pores:

Back 312

interact w/ cytoplasm

Front 313

Nucleus:
Nucleolus:

Back 313

produce RNA, ribosomes

Front 314

Nucleus

Back 314

Nucleus

Front 315

Cytoplasm-All cell ___ besides nucleus

Back 315

All cell contents besides nucleus

Front 316

Cytosol: component of the cytoplasm. Contains ___,
___, ___, ___, ___. WHIPN

Back 316

Cytosol: component of the cytoplasm. Contains H2O, nutrients, ions, proteins, waste

Front 317

___ Organelles:
Cytoskeleton
Microvilli
Centrosome
Cilia, Flagella
Ribosomes

Back 317

___ Organelles:
Cytoskeleton
Microvilli
Centrosome
Cilia, Flagella
Ribosomes

Front 318

___Organelles:
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondria
“Small bodies”

Back 318

Membranous Organelles:
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondria
“Small bodies”

Front 319

Cytoskeleton, Microvilli:
Functions:
Structural ___
Defines cell ___

Back 319

Cytoskeleton, Microvilli:
Functions:
Structural scaffolding
Defines cell shape
3 “skeleton” fibers:
“Cables”: microfilaments, intermediate filaments
“Support beams”: microtubules

Front 320

Cytoskeleton, Microvilli:
3 “skeleton” fibers:
“Cables”: ___
, ___filaments
“Support beams”: ___

Back 320

Cytoskeleton, Microvilli:
3 “skeleton” fibers:
“Cables”: microfilaments, intermediate filaments
“Support beams”: microtubules

Front 321

Cytoskeleton, Microvilli

Back 321

Cytoskeleton, Microvilli

Front 322

Centrosome:
Moves ___ during mitosis.
Organize the ___.

Back 322

Centrosome:
Moves chromosomes during mitosis.
Organize the cytoskeleton

Front 323

Cilia
Anchored by a ___.
Beat rhythmically to ___.

Back 323

Cilia
Anchored by a basal body
Beat rhythmically to move stuff past cell

Front 324

Flagella: cell ___

Back 324

Flagella: cell motility

Front 325

Ribosomes: are responsible for ___.

Back 325

Ribosomes: are responsible for protein synthesis.

Front 326

Can be found free-floating or on E.R.
Ribosomes can be ___ make proteins for cell itself
___ make proteins for ___from cell

Back 326

Can be found free-floating or on E.R.
Ribosomes can be Free-floaters make proteins for cell itself
E.R.-bound make proteins for export from cell

Front 327

Ribosomes are Made of ___ (rRNA) & ___

Back 327

Ribosomes are Made of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) & proteins

Front 328

Ribosome

Back 328

Ribosome

Front 329

Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.) is a network of ___ connected to the nuclear ___, which surrounds the nucleus.

Back 329

Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.) is a network of intracellular membranes connected to the nuclear envelope, which surrounds the nucleus.

Front 330

Endoplasmic Reticulum Functions: s___, s___, t___, d___

Back 330

Endoplasmic Reticulum Functions: synthesis, storage, transport, detox

Front 331

Rough E.R.: produces and ___proteins destined for ___of the cell, for ___

Back 331

Rough E.R.: produces and packages proteins destined for export out of the cell, for membrane

Front 332

Smooth E.R.: perform non-protein cell functions
F___, phospho___, ste___synthesis
Release of ___, drug detox (liver)

Back 332

Smooth E.R.: perform non-protein cell functions
Fatty acid, phospholipid, steroid synthesis
Release of glucose, drug detox (liver)
)

Front 333

Endoplasmic Reticulum Structure: cisternae ___

Back 333

Endoplasmic Reticulum Structure: cisternae (folded membranes)

Front 334

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 334

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Front 335

Golgi Complex-Function: Refine proteins from ___ER, package, ___ storage, ___

Back 335

Golgi Complex-Function: Refine proteins from rough ER, package, long-term storage, export

Front 336

Golgi Complex-Structure: composed of ___

Back 336

Golgi Complex-Structure: composed of cisternae

Front 337

Golgi Complex-Receives raw proteins from rough ER on ___
Modify, reorganize, package proteins
Release processed proteins on___

Back 337

Golgi Complex-Receives raw proteins from rough ER on cis face
Modify, reorganize, package proteins
Release processed proteins on trans face

Front 338

Golgi Complex

Back 338

Golgi Complex

Front 339

Lyosomes:vesicles that preform ___ and ___within the cell.

Back 339

vesicles that preform essential cleanup and recycling within the cell.

Front 340

Mitochondria: Structure: ___-shaped organelle with ___internal membranes (___)

Back 340

Mitochondria: Structure: kidney-shaped organelle with folded internal membranes (cristae)

Front 341

Mitochondria: Double ___, liquid ___, enzymes
Have own ___, ribosomes
Trace maternal ancestry here

Back 341

Mitochondria: Double membrane, liquid matrix, enzymes
Have own DNA, ribosomes
Trace maternal ancestry here

Front 342

Mitochondria: Function: produce __
“___” of the cell
Some cells have many (muscle, liver, kidney)
Making ATP here requires ___

Back 342

Mitochondria: Function: produce ATP
“Power houses” of the cell
Some cells have many (muscle, liver, kidney)
Making ATP here requires O2

Front 343

Mitochondria

Back 343

Mitochondria

Front 344

“Small Bodies” Structure: small enclosed sacs (___) that isolate ___

Back 344

“Small Bodies” Structure: small enclosed sacs (vesicles) that isolate dangerous activities/substances

Front 345

“Small Bodies” Functions:
Lysosomes contain ___enzymes
Peroxisomes ___(abundant in liver)
Proteasomes digest ___

Back 345

“Small Bodies” Functions:
Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes
Peroxisomes detoxify (abundant in liver)
Proteasomes digest excess/defective proteins

Front 346

Membrane Transport:Review of Plasma Membrane
impermeable:

Back 346

lets nothing in or out

Front 347

Membrane Transport:Review of Plasma Membrane
freely permeable:

Back 347

lets anything in or out

Front 348

Membrane Transport:Review of Plasma Membrane
selectively permeable:

Back 348

restricts what/when molecules move across membrane

Front 349

Body Water Content
INTRACELLULAR FLUID
___ of TBW

Back 349

Body Water Content
INTRACELLULAR FLUID
2/3 of TBW

Front 350

Body Water Content
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
___ of TBW
INTERSTITIAL FLUID
___ of ECF
PLASMA
___of ECF

Back 350

Body Water Content
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
___ of TBW
INTERSTITIAL FLUID
3/4 of ECF
PLASMA
1/4 of ECF

Front 351

Intracellular: ___the cells
Interstitial: ___cells
Plasma: in the ___

Back 351

Intracellular: inside the cells
Interstitial: between cells
Plasma: in the blood

Front 352

Solutions:
Solvent: liquid that ___
Usually water

Back 352

Solutions:
Solvent: liquid that dissolves
Usually water

Front 353

Solutions:
Solute: ___material
Ions, gases, molecules

Back 353

Solutions:
Solute: dissolved material
Ions, gases, molecules

Front 354

Solution:
Concentration: amt of ___in given volume of ___(abbrev: [ ])
Ex: teaspoons of salt per cup of water

Back 354

Concentration: amt of solute in given volume of solvent (abbrev: [ ])
Ex: teaspoons of salt per cup of water

Front 355

Solution:
[ ] gradient: difference in [ ] between 2 ___

Back 355

[ ] gradient: difference in [ ] between 2 solns

Front 356

when solutes Move “down [ ] gradient”—no ___required

Back 356

when solutes Move “down [ ] gradient”—no ATP required

Front 357

Equilibrium: all solutes ___

Back 357

equally distributed

Front 358

Diffusion: move something ___[ ] gradient

Back 358

Diffusion: move something down [ ] gradient

Front 359

Simple Diffusion:

Back 359

Simple (hydrophobic/non-polar)

Front 360

Facilitated Diffusion:

Back 360

Facilitated (charged, hydrophilic/polar)

Front 361

Osmosis:

Back 361

mvmt of water down [ ] gradient

Front 362

what affects diffusion

Back 362

what affects diffusion

Front 363

What affects Diffusion?
DEP

Back 363

Distance
Electrical forces
Permeability

Front 364

Simple Diffusion

Back 364

Think food coloring in water or perfume in air.

Front 365

Passive Transport: Simple Diffusion
Requirements for simple diffusion:
Solute travels ___[ ] gradient
Solute able to ___ diffuse thru cell membrane

Back 365

Passive Transport: Simple Diffusion
Requirements for simple diffusion:
Solute travels down [ ] gradient
Solute able to freely diffuse thru cell membrane

Front 366

Passive Transport: Simple Diffusion
Pass right through ___.
Lipid-soluble molecules
O2, CO2
Fatty acids, steroids
Vitamins A,D,E,K

Back 366

Passive Transport: Simple Diffusion
Pass right through lipid bilayer
Lipid-soluble molecules
O2, CO2
Fatty acids, steroids
Vitamins A,D,E,K

Front 367

Passive Transport: Facilitated Diffusion
Requirements for facilitated diffusion:
Solute travels ___[ ] gradient
Solute needs help (a ___) to get it through the membrane (no ___required)
Max speed depends on # of ___.

Back 367

Passive Transport: Facilitated Diffusion
Requirements for facilitated diffusion:
Solute travels down [ ] gradient
Solute needs help (a transporter) to get it through the membrane (no ATP required)
Max speed depends on # of transporters

Front 368

Passive Transport: Facilitated Diffusion-Who uses them?
Ions (K+, Na+, Ca2+) use ___
Glucose, amino acids, nucleotides use ___.

Back 368

Passive Transport: Facilitated Diffusion-Who uses them?
Ions (K+, Na+, Ca2+) use channels
Glucose, amino acids, nucleotides use carriers

Front 369

Passive Transport: Simple Diffusion

Back 369

Passive Transport:Facilitated Diffusion

Front 370

Passive Transport: Osmosis (Movement of Water):
Membrane must be ___ to water

Back 370

Passive Transport: Osmosis (Movement of Water):
Membrane must be permeable to water

Front 371

Osmosis: Water moves ___its [ ] gradient.
Area of ___water molecules to ___molecules.
i.e., from area of low solute [ ] to high solute [ ]

Back 371

Osmosis: Water moves down its [ ] gradient
Area of more water molecules to fewer molecules
i.e., from area of low solute [ ] to high solute [ ]

Front 372

Osmotic pressure: force of water movement due to ___

Back 372

Osmotic pressure: force of water movement due to osmotic gradient

Front 373

Osmotic pressure: Osmotic P physically countered by ___.
think plunger in the UTube

Back 373

Osmotic pressure: Osmotic P physically countered by hydrostatic P
think plunger in the UTube

Front 374

Osmosis:Osmolarity vs. Tonicity
Osmolarity: measure of concentration of all ___.
i.e., both __& __ solutes.
Tells how much total solute is ___in solution
Doesn’t tell much about whether ___will move thru membrane or not

Back 374

Osmosis:Osmolarity vs. Tonicity
Osmolarity: measure of concentration of all solutes in solution
i.e., both permeable & non-permeable solutes
Tells how much total solute is dissolved in solution
Doesn’t tell much about whether water will move thru membrane or not

Front 375

Osmosis:Osmolarity vs. Tonicity
Tonicity: concerned with only ___ solutes in solution
Tells about solution’s ability to actually cause ___ of water

Back 375

Tonicity: concerned with only non-permeable solutes in solution
Tells about solution’s ability to actually cause osmotic flow of water

Front 376

Osmosis:Osmolarity
Iso-osmotic: soln has ___[ ] of solutes as another soln

Back 376

Osmosis:Osmolarity
Iso-osmotic: soln has same [ ] of solutes as another soln

Front 377

Osmosis:Osmolarity
Hypo-osmotic: soln has __[ ] vs. another soln

Back 377

Osmosis:Osmolarity
Hypo-osmotic: soln has lower [ ] vs. another soln

Front 378

Osmosis:Osmolarity
Hyper-osmotic: soln has __[ ] vs. another soln

Back 378

Osmosis:Osmolarity
Hyper-osmotic: soln has higher [ ] vs. another soln

Front 379

Osmosis:Tonicity
Isotonic: No net ___flow

Back 379

Osmosis:Tonicity
Isotonic: No net osmotic flow

Front 380

Osmosis:Tonicity
Hypotonic: Will ___ thru osmosis

Back 380

Osmosis:Tonicity
Hypotonic: Will lose water thru osmosis

Front 381

Osmosis:Tonicity
Hypertonic: Will ___thru osmosis

Back 381

Osmosis:Tonicity
Hypertonic: Will gain water thru osmosis

Front 382

Osmosis:Tonicity

Back 382

Osmosis:Tonicity

Front 383

Active Transport:
Requirements:
Solutes than cannot cross ___.
Method to move ___across membrane
Requires ___.

Back 383

Active Transport:

Requirements:
Solutes than cannot cross passively
Method to move solutes across membrane
Requires ATP

Front 384

Active Transport:
Moves solutes ___[ ] gradient
From area of ___[ ] to area of ___[ ]
Just like moving uphill, requires energy!

Back 384

Active Transport:
Moves solutes up [ ] gradient
From area of low [ ] to area of high [ ]
Just like moving uphill, requires energy!

Front 385

Active Transport:
Critical for re-establishing ___ involved in nerve conduction and heart contraction

Back 385

Active Transport:
Critical for re-establishing gradients involved in nerve conduction and heart contraction

Front 386

Active Transport:Vesicles
Vesicle: ___
A “cell within a cell”

Back 386

Active Transport:Vesicles
Vesicle: small membrane-encased sac
A “cell within a cell”

Front 387

Active Transport:Vesicles
Endocytosis: ___materials into cell
Receptor-mediated

Back 387

Active Transport:Vesicles
Endocytosis: import materials into cell
Receptor-mediated

Front 388

Active Transport:Vesicles
Phagocytosis: ___of bacteria and other particles into white blood cells. Solids.

Back 388

Active Transport:Vesicles
Phagocytosis: ingestion of bacteria and other particles into white blood cells

Front 389

Active Transport:Vesicles
Pinocytosis: ingestion of ___

Back 389

Active Transport:Vesicles
Pinocytosis: ingestion of fluid

Front 390

Active Transport:Vesicles Exocytosis: ___materials from cell

Back 390

Active Transport:Vesicles Exocytosis: export materials from cell

Front 391

Active Transport:Vesicles

Back 391

Active Transport:Vesicles

Front 392

The Cell Life Cycle
Phases of Mitosis

Back 392

The Cell Life Cycle
Phases of Mitosis

Front 393

Most of cell’s life spend ___ dividing, but in ___

Back 393

Most of cell’s life spend ___dividing, but in Interphase

Front 394

Body (somatic) cells divide in 2 stages
Mitotis:
Cytokinesis:

Back 394

Body (somatic) cells divide in 2 stages
Mitotis: divides genetic material equally
Cytokinesis: divides cytoplasm & organelles equally between 2 daughter cells

Front 395

Hyperplasia means ___in number of ___. This is seen in Prophase-Teleophase.

Back 395

Hyperplasia means increase in number of cells. This is seen in Prophase-Teleophase

Front 396

Hypertrophy is the increase in the ___of a cell due to the enlargement of its ___. This is seen in Interphase.

Back 396

Hypertrophy is the increase in the volume of a cell due to the enlargement of its component cells. This is seen in Interphase.

Front 397

The Cell Cycle
Hypertrophy is seen in which phases? Hyperplasia is seen in which phases?

Back 397

The Cell Cycle

Front 398

DNA & Genes & Chromosomes

Genetic material organized into --- chromosomes
2 sets of ___chromosomes

Back 398

DNA & Genes & Chromosomes

Genetic material organized into 46 chromosomes
2 sets of 23 chromosomes

Front 399

DNA & Genes & Chromosomes
Each chromosome = string of genes
Each chromosome contains ~ 1___ genes
Each gene codes for ___ protein for a trait

Back 399

DNA & Genes & Chromosomes
Each chromosome = string of genes
Each chromosome contains ~ 1000 genes
Each gene codes for 1 protein for a trait

Front 400

DNA & Genes & Chromosomes
Each gene is made up of ___= long strands of nucleotide base pairs

Back 400

DNA & Genes & Chromosomes
Each gene is made up of DNA = long strands of nucleotide base pairs

Front 401

DNA & Genes & Chromosomes
DNA is basic genetic material of ___.

Back 401

DNA is basic genetic material of life

Front 402

Mitosis
1. Prophase
Chromatin (loose genetic strands) condenses into ___
Each single chromosome (chromatid) pairs up with its duplicate (i.e., dad’s chromosome 7 finds its double), making ___pairs in total
Connected in the middle with a ___

Back 402

Mitosis
1. Prophase
Chromatin (loose genetic strands) condenses into chromosomes
Each single chromosome (chromatid) pairs up with its duplicate (i.e., dad’s chromosome 7 finds its double), making 46 pairs in total
Connected in the middle with a centromere

Front 403

1. Prophase
___form, connect north & south poles
Think: longitudinal lines on a globe
Poles are ___

Back 403

1. Prophase
Spindles form, connect north & south poles
Think: longitudinal lines on a globe
Poles are centrioles

Front 404

4. Telophase
Chromosomes revert back to threadlike loose strands of chromatin
Nuclear envelope, nucleolus reappear
Mitotic spindle breaks up
Cytokinesis completed

Back 404

Chromosomes revert back to threadlike loose strands of chromatin
Nuclear envelope, nucleolus reappear
Mitotic spindle breaks up
Cytokinesis completed

Front 405

Protein Synthesis:The Whole Purpose and Reason for ___Existence

Back 405

Protein Synthesis:The Whole Purpose and Reason for DNA’s Existence

Front 406

Protein Synthesis:
Deoxyribonucleic Acid: DNA
___ for protein assembly

Back 406

Protein Synthesis:
Deoxyribonucleic Acid: DNA
Heritable instructions for protein assembly

Front 407

Protein Synthesis:
BOTTOM LINE: DNA contains code for ___, and ___make our world go ’round

Back 407

Protein Synthesis:
BOTTOM LINE: DNA contains code for proteins, and proteins make our world go ’round

Front 408

Protein Synthesis:
Proteins: long strands of ___ strung together like beads on a necklace

Back 408

Protein Synthesis:
Proteins: long strands of amino acids strung together like beads on a necklace

Front 409

Protein Synthesis:
Gene codes for protein’s ___ sequence

Back 409

Protein Synthesis:
Gene codes for protein’s AA sequence

Front 410

DNA:
Double-helix: twisted ladder
Verticals: ___ molecules
Rungs: 4 different ___

Back 410

DNA:
Double-helix: twisted ladder
Verticals: sugar-P molecules
Rungs: 4 different nucleotides

Front 411

DNA: Nucleotides
_,_,_,_ (A,C,G,T)
_ & _ combine to make rung
_ & _ combine to make rung.
Series of consecutive rungs (# will differ) comprises a ___.

Back 411

Nucleotides
Adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine (A,C,G,T)
A & T combine to make rung
C & G combine to make rung
Series of consecutive rungs (# will differ) comprises a gene

Front 412

Nucleus, Ribosomes:
Nucleus: houses ___, protects from harm
Loosen, long DNA threads of ___.
Sole copy of critical ___.

Back 412

Nucleus: houses DNA, protects from harm
Loosen, long DNA threads of chromatin
Sole copy of critical blueprints

Front 413

Nucleolus: makes ___and ___

Back 413

Nucleolus: makes ribosomes and RNA

Front 414

Nuclear pore: ___, ___leave nucleus

Back 414

Nuclear pore: ribosomes, RNA leave nucleus

Front 415

Ribosomes: ___assembly factories
Help physically assemble ___strands

Back 415

Ribosomes: protein assembly factories
Help physically assemble protein strands

Front 416

DNA is blueprint for ___.
___production is the whole point of DNA!!!

Back 416

DNA is blueprint for proteins
Protein production is the whole point of DNA!!!

Front 417

Transcription: ___phase, occurs 1st
From DNA to ___
Makes copy of (transcribes) info from ___.

Back 417

Transcription: nuclear phase, occurs 1st
From DNA to RNA
Makes copy of (transcribes) info from DNA

Front 418

Translation: ___phase, occurs 2nd
From RNA to ___
Translates from “language” of ___to “language” of ___

Back 418

Translation: cytoplasmic phase, occurs 2nd
From RNA to protein
Translates from “language” of nucleotides to “language” of amino acids

Front 419

Protein Synthesis: Transcription
Enables safe ___of ___ out of nucleus

Back 419

Enables safe transport of gene instruction out of nucleus

Front 420

Protein Synthesis: Transcription
Messenger Ribonucleic Acid (mRNA)
“Mirror”-image of ___strand

Back 420

Messenger Ribonucleic Acid (mRNA)
“Mirror”-image of DNA strand

Front 421

Protein Synthesis: Transcription
DNA “unzips”
Into ___ and ___strands

Back 421

DNA “unzips”
Into coding and template strands

Front 422

Protein Synthesis: Transcription
mRNA assembled using free-floating ___
RNA polymerase

Back 422

mRNA assembled using free-floating nucleotides
RNA polymerase

Front 423

Protein Synthesis: Transcription
RNA uses ___ instead of thymine

Back 423

RNA uses uracil (U) instead of thymine

Front 424

Protein Synthesis:Transcription
Base triplet:
Codon:

Back 424

Base triplet
Sequence of 3 DNA bases
Codon
Sequence of 3 RNA bases
Codons will code for amino acid sequence of protein

Front 425

Protein Synthesis:Translation
from ___to protein

Back 425

Protein Synthesis:Translation—from mRNA to protein

Front 426

Protein Synthesis:Translation
Codon “___” from bases into ___

Back 426

Protein Synthesis:Translation
Codon “translated” from bases into amino acids

Front 427

Protein Synthesis:Translation
Requires ___ different types of RNA…___, ___, ___

Back 427

Protein Synthesis:Translation
Requires 3 different types of RNA…
mRNA, rRNA, tRNA

Front 428

Protein Synthesis:Translation
Messenger RNA (mRNA): from nucleus, contains code for ___of ___

Back 428

Messenger RNA (mRNA): from nucleus, contains code for sequence of amino acids

Front 429

Protein Synthesis:Translation
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): building blocks of ___, site of ___/protein assembly

Back 429

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): building blocks of ribosomes, site of translation/protein assembly

Front 430

Protein Synthesis:Translation
Transfer RNA (tRNA): carry free-floating ___ from ___to ___codon
The “Brick Layer”

Back 430

Transfer RNA (tRNA): carry free-floating amino acid from cytoplasm to mRNA codon
The “Brick Layer”

Front 431

Protein Synthesis:Translation
After all codons for gene have been read, all amino acids are strung together, protein is complete

Back 431

After all codons for gene have been read, all amino acids are strung together, protein is complete