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57 Cards in this Set

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COMPOUND

2 OR MORE ELEMENTS COMBINED IN A FIXED RATIO.

MOLECULE

THE SMALLEST PORTION OF A COMPOUND.

ATOMIC NUMBER

THE NUMBER OF PROTONS OR ELECTRONS OF A GIVEN ELEMENT/ATOM.

ISOTOPE

ELEMENTS/ATOM WITH IDENTICAL NUMBER OF PROTONS BUT DIFFERENT NUMBER OF NEUTRONS.

VALENCE SHELL

OUTTER MOST ELECTRON SHELL.

NOBLE/INERT GASES

ELEMENTS WITH MAXIMUM NUMBER OF ELECTRONS IN THEIR OUTER SHELL.

COVALENT BONDS

CHEMICAL BONDS FORMED BY THE SHARING OF THE VALENCE ELECTRONS. THEY FORM THE STRONGEST OF CHEMICAL BONDS, ESPECIALLY WATER, AS THEY CAUSE COMPOUNDS BOUND BY OTHER MEANS TO DISASSOCIATE. AKA SOLVENTS.

IONIC BONDS

BONDS IN WHICH ELECTRONS ARE DONATED.

CATION

WHEN AN ELEMENT DONATES AN ELECTRON IN AN IONIC BOND.

ANION

WHEN AN ELEMENT ACCEPTS AN ELECTRON IN AN IONIC BOND.

ION

IS EITHER A CATION OR ANION.

ELECTOLYTE

AN ELECTRICALLY ACTIVE ION.

OXIDATION

PROCESS BY WHICH AN ATOM DONATES ELECTRON.

CATION

REDUCTION

PROCESS BY WHICH AN ATOM ACCEPTS AN ELECTRON.

ANION

SALTS

ARE IONIC COMPOUNDS, WHICH WILL DISASSOCIATE IN WATER TO FORM ACIDS AND BASES.

ACIDS

SUBSTANCES WHICH DISASSOCIATE IN WATER RELEASING H+ (PROTON)

PROTON DONOR

BASE

SUBSTANCES WHICH DISASSOCIATE IN WATER RELEASING OH-.

PROTON ACCEPTORS (ANIONS)

ALKALINE

BASE

pH

POTENTIAL OF HYDROGEN WHERE 7 IS NEUTRAL AND LOWER THAN 7 IS ACIDIC WHILE GREATER THAN 7 IS BASIC/ALKALINE.

PHYSIOLOGIC ACIDOSIS

BLOOD pH RANGES FROM 7.35 - 7.45. BLOOD LOWER THAN pH 7.35 IS ACIDIC.

HYDROGEN BONDS

BONDS BETWEEN HYDROGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN OR SOME OTHER NEGATIVELY CHARGED ANION. EASIEST BONDS TO BREAK.

CARBON BASED COMPOUNDS

CARBON HAS 4 VALENCE ELECTRONS ALLOWING IT TO FORM 1X - 4X BONDS, CHAINS, BRANCHES, RINGS ALLOWING IT TO FORM COMPLEX COMPOUNDS.

ISOMERS

COMPOUNDS WHICH POSSES IDENTICAL FORMULAS BUT WITH DIFFERENT STRUCTURAL ARRANGEMENTS.

DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS

PROCESS BY WHICH SMALLER COMPOUNDS/MONOMERS ARE SYNTHESIZED INTO COMPLEX COMPOUNDS/POLYMERS BY THE REMOVAL OF WATER MOLECULES.

ANABOLISM

WHEN DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS IS USED TO MAKE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS/TISSUES.

HYDROLYSIS

THE DISSOCIATION OF COMPLEX POLYMERS INTO MONOMERS BY THE ADDITION OF WATER.

CATABOLISM

WHEN HYDROLYSIS IS USED TO BREAK UP ORGANIC COMPOUNDS.

4 MAIN GROUPS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

CARBOHYDRATES


LIPIDS


PROTEINS


NUCLEIC ACID

CARBOHYDRATE

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS OCCURRING IN FOODS AND LIVING TISSUE WHICH INCLUDE SUGAR, STARCH, & CELLULOSE. THEY CONTAIN HYDROGEN & OXYGEN IN THE SAME RATIO AS WATER & CAN BE BROKEN DOWN TO RELEASE ENERGY.

GLYCOSIDIC BOND

A SUGAR MOLECULE LINKED TO ANOTHER MOLECULE VIA AN ETHER GROUP OF C20.

CLASSES OF CARBOHYDRATES


aka energy pathways.

MONOSACCHARIDES


DISACCAHARIDES


POLYSACCHARIDES

MONOSACCHARIDES

GLUCOSE


FRUCTOSE


GALACTOSE


DEOXYRIBOSE


RIBOSE

5 SIMPLE SUGARS

DISACCAHARIDES

SUCROSE


LACTOSE


MALTOSE

POLYSACCHARIDES

STARCH - alphaGLUCOSE


GLYCOGEN - alphaGLUCOSE


CELLULOSE - betaGLUCOSE (non digestible)



LIPIDS


create hormones

ANY CLASS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS THAT ARE FATTY ACIDS OR DERIVATIVES OF ARE INSOLUABLE IN BUT SOLUABLE IN ORGANIC SLOVENTS.



NEUTRAL FATS


PHOSPHOLIPIDS


CHOLESTEROL

GLYCERIDE

THE ALKALINE/COMPUND STRUCTURE THAT IS FORMED WHEN AT LEAST ONE HYDROGEN IS REMOVED FROM THE ACIDIC MOLECULE(S).



MONO, DI, & TRI - GLYCERIDES

SATURATED FATS

NO DOUBLE CARBON BONDS & ROOM TEMP SOLID

TRANS FATS

ARTIFICIALLY HYDROGENATED FATS ROOM TEMP SOLID.

UNSATURATED/POLYUNSATURATED FATS

2+ DOUBLE BONDS & ROOM TEMP OIL

PHOSPHOLIPIDS

MAKE UP CELL MEMBRANES WITH DUAL SIDES TO ATTRACT AND REPEL WATER

CHOLESTEROL

PRODUCE STEROIDS

PROTEINS

AMINO ACIDS


PEPTIDE BONDS


ROOT AMONIA NH3, REPLACING H FOR C[carbon].


ENZYMES, NEUROTRANSMITTERS,


CONTRACTILE PROTEINS.


SUFFIX "INE"


AMINO ACID

SIMPLE ORGANIC COMPOUND CONTAINING CARBOXYL AND AMINES

PEPTIDE BOND

CHEMICAL BOND FORMED BETWEEN CARBOXYL AND AMINE AND PERFORM DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS.

ENZYME

ORGANIC CATALYST WHICH REDUCE ACTIVATION ENERGY

ENDERGONIC REACTIONS

REACTIONS WHICH REQUIRE AND STORE ENERGY


[ANABOLISM, DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS,]

EXERGENIC REACTIONS

REACTIONS THAT RELEASE ENERGY


[CATABOLISM & OXIDATION]

MICROFIL0

SOLID ROD OF PROTEIN

MICROTUBULE

HOLLOW TUBE COMPOSED OF BUILDING BLOCKS, DIMERS. alpha&beta TUBULIN

NUCLEIC ACIDS

GENETIC CODING, PROTEIN CODING, ENERGY SYSTEMS



PENTOSE -RIBOSE & DEOXYRIBOSE



NITROGEN (AMINE) BASE


PURINES: ADENINE & GUANINE


PHOSPHATES

NUCLEOTIDES

A COMPOUND CONSISTING OF A AMINE AND A CARBOHYDRATE aka SUGAR AND A PHOSPHATE

ATP

ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE


IS A HIGH ENERGY MOLECULE FOUND IN EVERY CELL. IT'S JOB IS TO STORE AND SUPPLY THE CELL WITH NEEDED ENERGY.

NAD

NICOTINADE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE. OXIDIZING OR REDUCUNG AGENT IN METABOLIC REACTIONS.

FAD

FLAVIN ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE.


CREATED DURING RESPIRATION.

RNA

RIBONUCLEIC ACID. SINGLE STRANDED NUCLEIC ACID THAT TRANSFERS INFO FROM DNA TO PROTEIN FORMING SYSTEM OF CELL.

DNA

DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID


TYPE OF NUCLEIC ACID MACROMOLECULE. COMPRISED OF LONG STRANDS OF SUGARS, PHOSPHATES, AMINES. DOUBLE HELIX

PHOSPHODIESTER BONDS

PREVENT CHANGES (MUTATION) IN DNA BASE SEQUENCES