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117 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What determines the (A-B-AB-O) blood types?
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The presence or absence of the (A & B) antigens on the RBC's surface
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Which antigen(s) does type (A) RBC's contain?
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(A) Antigen ONLY
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Which antigen(s) does type (B) RBC's contain?
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(B) Antigen ONLY
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Which antigen(s) does type (A & B) RBC's contain?
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(A & B) Antigens
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Which antigen(s) does type (O) RBC's contain?
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Has no antigens
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What determines the (Rh) blood types?
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The presence or absence of the (Rh) antigens on the RBC's surface (Antigen - D)
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If the Rh antigen is present on the RBC's surface, would that make the blood type positive or negative?
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Rh Positive
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If the Rh antigen is absent on the RBC surface, would that make the blood type postive or negative?
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Rh Negative
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Blood Type (A) antibodies?
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Anti-B
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Blood Type (B) antibodies?
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Anti-A
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Blood Type (A & B) antibodies?
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No Antibodies
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Blood Type (O) antibodies?
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Both Antibodies
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Who can blood type (A) donate to?
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Donate to: A & AB
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Who can blood type (A) receive from?
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Receive from: A & O
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Who can blood type (B) donate to?
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Donate to: B & AB
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Who can blood type (B) receive from?
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Receive from: B & O
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Who can blood type (AB) donate to?
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Donate to: AB ONLY
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Who can blood type (AB) receive from?
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Receive from: ALL
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Who can blood type (O) donate to?
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Donate to: ALL
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Who can blood type (O) receive from?
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Receive from: O ONLY
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What is a donor?
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A person giving blood
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What is a recipient?
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A person getting blood
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What happens if a donor and recipient blood type are not compatible?
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The recipient's plasma antibodies will attack antigens on donated RBC's
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Which three deadly results can result in the recipient if the donated blood from the donor isn't compatible?
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-Blood Agglutination
-RBC's Hemolysis -Fatal Circulatory Shock |
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Hemolytic Disease of the newborn (HDN) results from what?
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Rh incompatibility between Rh- mother and her Rh+ baby conceived from an Rh+ father
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When Rh+ RBC's of first born child enter mother's circulation, mother will be __________, her plasma will carry anti-Rh antibodies and destroy the Rh+ RBC's of the second baby.
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Sensitized
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Each impulse produces one ________.
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Cycle
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Systole
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Heart muscles DEPOLARIZATION causes their CONTRACTION
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Diastole
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Heart muscles REPOLARIZATION causes their RELAXATION
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What do the alternating heart muscles systoles and diastoles produce?
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The Cardiac Cycle
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What occurs during atrial and ventricular diastole?
(step 1) |
-AV valves OPEN
-Ventricular fill to 70% |
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What occurs during atrial systole?
(step 2) |
-Completion of ventricular filling
(Atrial Contraction) |
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What occurs during ventricular systole?
(step 3) |
-Ventricules CONTRACT
-AV valves CLOSE - lubb (S1) Sound -SL valves OPEN 50-60% of blood ejected (Ventricular ejection) |
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What occurs during atrial and ventricular diastole?
(step 4) |
-Ventricles RELAX - return to diastole
-SL valves CLOSE - dupp (S2) sound |
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Specific Defense
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Immunity
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Innate Immunity
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GENETICALLY determined at birth
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Acquired Immunity
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Produced by EXPOSURE TO ANTIGENS or by ANTIBODIES PRODUCTION
(developed throughout life) |
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Active Acquired Immunity
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Develops by INDUCED or NATURAL EXPOSURE to antigens
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Passive Acquired Immunity
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Develops by INDUCED or NATURAL TRANSFER of antibodies
(happens during pregnancy - passed through mother or medically) |
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Immunity is provided by the coordinated activity of ____ and ____ lymphocytes in response to the presence of ________ antigens.
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T & B; Specific
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Cell-Mediated Immunity
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T-cells respond to intracellular antigens such as virus infected cells and tumor cells
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Antibody-Mediated Immunity
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B-cells respond to extracellular antigens such as bacteria
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Supressor T Cells
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Limit immune system activation by a single stimulus
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CD4 Cells (Helper T cells)
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-Activated when antigen presented by antigen presenting cell (APC) cell
-Develops into helper T-cells and memory cells -Helper T-cells must stimulate CD8 cells for them to become fully activated killer T cells |
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CD8 Cells (Cytotoxic T cells)
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-Activated by contact with virus infected body cell
-Develop into killer T-cells and memory T cells |
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B-cell lymphocytes stay in ________ tissue.
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Lymph
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Extracellular antigen enters lymph tissue and binds to _______________.
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B-cell receptors
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What happens when B-cells become activated?
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-B-cells divide into plasma cells and memory cells
-Helper T-cells bind to antigen on B-cells and help stimulate plasma cell and memory cell formation |
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What do plasma cells secrete?
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Various types of antibodies
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What do antibodies bind to?
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The specific antigen that activated its parent B-cells
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What do antibodies cause the destruction of?
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Antigen
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Neutralization
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of antigens such as toxins
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Agglutination and Precipitation
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Removing antigen bearing cells from solution in blood or body fluids
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Activation of Complement Proteins
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that destroy the antigen by various means
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Phagocytosis Activation
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(another way that antibodies destroy antigens)
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Opsonization
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Coating of antigen by antibodies to increase phagocytes attachment to antigen surface
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Stimulation of Inflammation
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by activation of mast cells and basophils
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Prevention of Antigens Adhesion
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to cell surfaces
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Systolic Pressure (SP)
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-Pressure in arteries when left ventricle is contracting
-Higher number on blood pressure reading |
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Diastolic Pressure (DP)
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-Pressure in arteries when left ventricle is relaxing
-Lower number on blood pressure reading |
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How is BP measured?
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In millimeters of mercury (mm Hg)
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What is used to measure the arterial blood pressure?
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Manometer
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What area on the body is used to take measurements of arterial blood pressure?
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Upper Arm
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What is a typical reading of arterial blood pressure?
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120 mmHg/80 mm Hg
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What number is considered hypertension?
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140/90 or above
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Pulse Pressure (PP), when is it high?
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Difference in systolic and diastolic pressures or PP=SP-DP
-High during exercise, anxiety, influence of certain drugs and with hardening of arteries |
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Mean Arterial Blood Pressure (MABP or MAP)
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-Single measure of arterial BP
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What is the formula for MAP?
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MAP=Diastolic Pressure + (Pulse Pressure/3)
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What is Arterial Pressure Gradient, and what does it average?
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-Difference in arterial pressure from Aorta to Capillaries
-Averages about 60 mmHg |
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What is Capillary Pressure Gradient, and what does it average?
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-Difference in pressure from Arteriole to Venule side of capillary bed
-Averages about 20 mmHg |
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What is Venous Pressure Gradient, and what does it average?
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-Difference in pressure from Venules to Vena Cavae
-Averages about 16 mmHg |
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Tidal Volume (Vt)
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Volume of air in one breath
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Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
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Volume of air inspired in addition to Vt
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Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
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Volume of air expired in addition to Vt
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Residual Volume (RV)
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Volume of air that cannot be expired even with maxium forced expiration
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Inspiratory Capacity (IC) formula?
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Vt + IRV
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Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) formula?
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ERV + RV
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Vital Capacity (VC) formula?
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Vt + IRV + ERV
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Total Lung Capacity (TLC) formula?
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Vt + IRV + ERV + RV
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The pancreas is five inches long extending from the _________ to the ________.
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Duodenum; Spleen
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What are the three parts that the pancreas consist of?
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-Head-
-Body -Tail |
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Most cells are ________ producing __________ enzymes. (pancreas)
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Exocrine; Digestive
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Endocrine cells in pancreatic islets produce _________.
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Hormones
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Acinar Cells
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Exocrine cells that secrete digestive enzymes into ducts
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Duct Cells
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Secrete a bicarbonate solution to buffer the acidic chyme from stomach and raise its pH from 2-3 to 7-8
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Proteins Digestion by ________ enzymes.
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Proteolytic
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Four enzymes secreted as inactive _________. (proteins digestion)
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Proenzymes
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Where are proenzymes sequentially activated to form active enzymes? (proteins digestion)
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In the duodenum
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What do active enzymes digest? (proteins digestion)
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Proteins & Polypeptides to tipeptides, dipeptides, and single amino acids
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Remaing starch is digested in the intestine by ___________ enzyme to disaccharides. (starch digestion)
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Pancreatic Amylase
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Digestion is the same as in the _______. (starch digestion)
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Mouth
STARCH ---->amylase---->Disaccharides |
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________ digested in the small intestine by _________ enzyme. (fats digestion)
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Triglycerides; Pancreatic Lipase
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Digestion of each _________ yields a ________ molecule and _________ molecules.
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Triglyceride; Monoglyceride; Two Fatty Acid
Triglyceride---->Lipase---->Monoglyceride + Two fatty acids |
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Decreased body water trigger hypothalamus to release ______ hormone from the _______ pituitary. (urine concentration)
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Antidiuretic (ADH)
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ADH makes the cells of the DCT and CD ______ permeable to water and increases water reabsorption back into the blood. (urine concentration)
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More
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Small volume of dark yellow, __________ urine is produced. (urine concentration)
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Concentrated
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With optimum body water, the hypothalamus stops secreting ________ hormone. (urine dilution)
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Antidiuretic (ADH)
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DCT and CD become _____ permeable to water and less water is reabsorbed. (urine dilution)
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Less
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More water stays in the the filtrate resulting in a large volume of light yellow, _______ urine. (urine dilution)
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Dilute
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The minimum urine volume that must be excreted to get rid of metabolic waste and excess ions is ________ Liters/day.
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0.5
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The maxium concentration ability of the kidneys is ________ mOsm/Liter
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1200-1400
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The urinary body is covered by a sheet of smooth muscle called the _________ muscle.
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Detrusor
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The trigone of the urinary bladder is where the two urteres enter the bladder at the most __________ angles of trigone which open into the neck.
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Uppermost
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The detrusor muscle fibers form __________ in the neck. (urinary bladder neck)
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Internal Urethral Sphincter
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In the __________, skeletal muscle fibers form the ____________ that is under conscious control. (urinary bladder neck)
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Urogenital Diaphragm; External Urethral Sphincter
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FSH from anterior pituitary stimulates _______ growth. (follicular phase)
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Follicle
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Follicles grown into ________ (mature) follicles. (follicular phase)
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Graafian
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Granulosa cells of follicle secrete _________ and _________. (follicular phase)
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Estrogens and Inhibin
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Increasing levels of estrogens and inhibin inhibit ______. (follicular phase)
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FSH
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Increasing estrogens also stimulates secretion of ______. (follicular phase)
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LH
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LH stimulate development of __________ from ovulated or ruptured mature follicle. (luteal phase)
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Corpus Luteum
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Corpus Lutem secretes mostly ________ and some estrogens. (luteal phase)
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Progesterone
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Progesterone prepares __________ for possible pregnancy. (luteal phase)
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Endometrium
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Rising estrogen levels from the growing follicle stimulates growth of the _________ layer of endometrium to 4 to 10 mm thickness. (proliferative phase)
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Functional
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Corpus luteum of ovary secretes _________.
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Progesterone
*(secretory phase) |
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What does progesterone stimulate? (secretory phase)
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-Increased thickening of the functional layer of endometrium to 12-18 mm
-Increased blood supply into the endometrium -Growth of endometrial glands secretion of uterine milk |
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Menstruation Phase (Menses)
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-Decline in progesterone levels causes functional layer of endometrium to be discharged resulting in vaginal bleeding called menstruation.
-Mark the end of one cycle or beginning of the next |
