Anatomy & Physiology I Vocabulary Ch 5

Front 1

matrix

Back 1

complex extracellular material surrounding a tissue

Front 2

histology

Back 2

the biology of tissues

Front 3

epithelial tissue

Back 3

one or more layers of dense cells with very little extracellular matrix, may form either shets or glands; covers and protects the body surface, lines body cavities, movement of substances, glandular activity

Front 4

connective tissue

Back 4

sparsely arranged cells surrounded by a large proportion of extracellular martix often containing structural fibers; supports body structures, transports substances throughout the body

Front 5

muscle tissue

Back 5

long fiberlike cells, sometimes branched, capable of pulling loads (extracellular fibers sometimes hold muscle fiber together); produces body movements, produces movements of organs such as the stomach and heart, produces heat

Front 6

nervous tissue

Back 6

mixture of many cell types, including several types of neurons (conducting cells) and neuroglia (support cells); communication between body parts, integration/regulation of body functions

Front 7

primary germ layers

Back 7

endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm - gives rise to definite structures and the embryo develops

Front 8

endoderm

Back 8

innermost layer of the primary germ layers that develops early in the first trimester of pregnancy; gives rise to digestive and urinary structures

Front 9

mesoderm

Back 9

middle layer of the primary germ layer; gives rise to muscles, bones, and blood vessels

Front 10

ectoderm

Back 10

outermost of the primary germ layers that develops early in the first trimester of pregnancy; gives rise to the skin and the nervous system

Front 11

histogenesis

Back 11

process during which the cells in each germ layer become increasingly more differentiated to form specific tissues

Front 12

extracellular matrix (ECM)

Back 12

tissues differ in the amount and kind of material between the cells

Front 13

epithelium

Back 13

epithelial tissue

Front 14

membranous epithelium

Back 14

epithelium that covers the body and lines some of its parts and lines the serous cavities (pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal), the blood and lymphatic vessels, and the respiratory, digestive, and genitourinary tracts

Front 15

glandular epithelium

Back 15

epithelium that is grouped in solid cords or hollow follicles that form the secretory units of endocrine and exocrine glands

Front 16

functions of epithelial tissue

Back 16

protection, sensory functions, secretion, absorption, excretion

Front 17

proteoglycans

Back 17

large molecule made up of a protein strand that forms a backbone to which are attached many carbohydrate molecules

Front 18

interstitial fluid (IF)

Back 18

spaces between epithelial tissue

Front 19

basement membrane (BM)

Back 19

what the epithelial tissue attaches to; an underlying layer of connective tissue by means of a thin noncellular layer of adhesive, permeable material

Front 20

avascular

Back 20

without blood vessels

Front 21

desmosomes

Back 21

category of cell junction that holds adjacent cells together; consists of dense plate or band of connecting structures at point of adhesion

Front 22

tight junctions

Back 22

connection between cells in which they are joined by "collars" of tightly fused membrane

Front 23

simple epithelium

Back 23

epithelial cells in a single layer

Front 24

stratified epithelium

Back 24

epithelial cells layered one on another

Front 25

endothelium

Back 25

squamous epithelial cells that line the inner surface of the entire circulatory system and the vessels of the lymphatic system

Front 26

mesothelium

Back 26

epithelial lining of the pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum

Front 27

microvilli

Back 27

the plasma membrane of many columnar cells that extend out in microscopic fingerlike projections that increase surface area for absorption

Front 28

simple squamous epithelium

Back 28

one layer of flar, scalelike cells that substances can readily diffuse through; found in the linings of blood and lymphatic vessels and the surfaces of the pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum

Front 29

simple cuboidal epithelium

Back 29

one layer of cuboidal cells resting on a basement membrane; seen in many glands and their ducts and in the ducts and tubules of other organs, such as the kidney

Front 30

simple columnar epithelium

Back 30

consists of a single layer of cells, many of which have a structure modified by goblet cells, cilia, and microvilli; composes the surface of mucous membrane that lines the stomach, intestine, uterus, uterine tubes, and parts of the respiratory tract

Front 31

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Back 31

a single layer of irregularly shaped columnar cells that touch the basement membrane; lines the air passages of the respiratory system and certain segments of the male reproductive system such as the urethra

Front 32

stratified squamous epithelium

Back 32

multiple layers of cells with typical flattened squamous cells at the outer (free) surface of the epithelial sheet; contains keratin to protect the skin covering the body surface

Front 33

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Back 33

multiple layers of cells with typical flattened squamous cells at the outer (free) surface of the epithelial sheet; found lining the vagina, mouth, and esophagus

Front 34

stratified cuboidal epithelium

Back 34

two or more rows of low cuboidal cells are arranged randomly over a basement membrane; located in the sweat gland ducts, in the pharynx, and over parts of the epiglottis

Front 35

transitional epithelium

Back 35

ten or more layers of cuboidal cells of varying shapes that changes from cuboidal to squamous as tension increases and the epithelial sheet is expanded; can be stretched; found in the urinary bladder

Front 36

unicellular glands

Back 36

glandular epithelial cells that function singly

Front 37

multicellular glands

Back 37

glandular epithelial cells that function in clusters, solid cords, or hollow follicles

Front 38

glands

Back 38

secreting structure

Front 39

exocrine glands

Back 39

discharge their secretion products into ducts; salivary glands

Front 40

endocrine glands

Back 40

discharge their secretion products (hormones) directly into blood or interstitial fluid; the pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands

Front 41

alveolar

Back 41

saclike

Front 42

compound

Back 42

two or more

Front 43

three types of exocrine glands

Back 43

apocrine, holocrine, merocrine

Front 44

connective tissue

Back 44

one of the most widespread and diverse tissues in the body; arises during embryonic development from stem cell tisssue

Front 45

collagen

Back 45

principal organic constituent of connective tissue; makes up collagenous fibers

Front 46

elastin

Back 46

returns to its original length after being stretched; make up elastic fibers

Front 47

loose connective tissue

Back 47

areolar tissue; stretchable, one of the most widely distributed of all tissues

Front 48

areolar

Back 48

bubbles that appear as areolar tissue is pulled apart during dissection

Front 49

fibroblasts

Back 49

synthesize the gel-like ground substance and the fibers present in it

Front 50

macrophages

Back 50

carry on phagocytosis

Front 51

mast cells

Back 51

found in loose connective tissue; capable of releasing a variety of molecules such as histamine, heparin, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins

Front 52

adipose tissue

Back 52

tissue that contains predominantly fat cells called adipocytes, and few fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells; forms supporting, protective pads around the kidneys and various other structures; constitutes a storage depot for excess food, and acts as an insulating material to conserve body heat

Front 53

reticular tissue

Back 53

tissue that forms the framework of the spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow; functions as part of the body's complex mechanism for defending itself against microorganisms and injurious substances

Front 54

dense fibrous tissue

Back 54

consists mainly of fibers packed densely in the matrix and contains relatively few fibroblast cells, classified as regular or irregular

Front 55

collagenous dense regular fibrous tissue

Back 55

a form of dense regular fibrous tissue is predominantly bundles of collagenous fibers

Front 56

elastic dense regular fibrous tissue

Back 56

a form of dense refular fibrous tissue that contains mostly elastic fibers

Front 57

osteocytes

Back 57

the mature cells of bone

Front 58

membrane bones

Back 58

bones that are formed within membranous tissue

Front 59

endochondral ossification

Back 59

a process in which bones are formed indirectly through replacement of cartilage

Front 60

compact bone tissue

Back 60

a type of bone tissue that forms the hard shell of a bone

Front 61

osteon

Back 61

the microscopic, basic organizational or structural unit of compact bone

Front 62

lacunae

Back 62

small spaces that house osteocytes, which are arranged in concentric layers of bone matrix

Front 63

lamellae

Back 63

bone matrix

Front 64

canaliculi

Back 64

small canals that connect each lacuna and osteocyte with nutrient blood vessels found in the central, or Haversian canal

Front 65

osteoblasts

Back 65

bone-forming cells

Front 66

osteoclast

Back 66

bone-destroying cell

Front 67

cancellous bone tissue

Back 67

a lattice of thin beams inside many bones

Front 68

trabeculae

Back 68

a framework of thin beams that supports a softer tissue - red bone marrow, or myeloid tissue

Front 69

chondrocyte

Back 69

the only cell type found in cartilage; found in the lacunae; produce the fibers and found substance of cartilage

Front 70

perichondrium

Back 70

a connective tissue membrane that surrounds the cartilage mass

Front 71

hyaline cartilage

Back 71

the most prevalent type of cartilage and is found in the support rings of the respiratory tubes and covering the ends of bones that articulate at joints

Front 72

fibrocartilage

Back 72

the strongest and most durable type of cartilage; disks serve as shock absorbers between adjacent vertebraee (invertebral disks_ and in the knee joint

Front 73

elastic cartilage

Back 73

cartilage that contains few collagen fibers, but large numbers of very fine elastic fibers that give the matrix material a high degree of flexability; found in the external ear and in the voice box/larynx

Front 74

plasma

Back 74

liquid fraction

Front 75

formed elements

Back 75

blood cells

Front 76

erythrocytes

Back 76

red blood cells

Front 77

leukocytes

Back 77

white blood cells

Front 78

thrombocytes

Back 78

platelets

Front 79

hematopoietic tissue

Back 79

blood-forming tissue

Front 80

name all of the muscle tissues

Back 80

skeletal muscle tissue, smooth muscle tissue, cardiac muscle tissue

Front 81

skeletal muscle tissue

Back 81

makes up most of th muscles attached to bones

Front 82

smooth muscle tissue

Back 82

also known as visceral muscle tissue; found in the walls of the viscera; the stomach, intestines, and blood vessels

Front 83

cardiac muscle tissue

Back 83

makes up the wall of the heart

Front 84

nervous tissue

Back 84

has much more developed excitability and conductivity characteristics than any other type of tissue does which allows functionality and rapid communication in the nervous system

Front 85

neurons

Back 85

nerve cells

Front 86

neuroglia

Back 86

supporting cells

Front 87

soma

Back 87

a cell body by which all neurons are characterized

Front 88

axon

Back 88

transmits nerve impulses away from the cell body

Front 89

dendrites

Back 89

carry nerve signals toward the axon

Front 90

regeneration

Back 90

the growth of functional new tissue

Front 91

scar

Back 91

dense fibrous mass that remains if cell damage is extensive

Front 92

keloid

Back 92

an atypical and unusually thick scar that may develop in the lower layer of the skin

Front 93

membrane

Back 93

a thin, sheetlike structure that may have many important functions in the body

Front 94

epithelial membranes

Back 94

composed of epithelial tisue and an underlying layer of supportive tissue

Front 95

connective tissue membrane

Back 95

composed exclusively of various types of connective tissue; no epithelial cells are present in this type of membrane

Front 96

cutaneous membrane

Back 96

also known as skin; covers body surfaces that are exposed to the external environment; the primary organ of the integumentary system

Front 97

serous membrane

Back 97

lines cavities that are not open to the external environment and covers many of the organs inside these cavities

Front 98

parietal membrane

Back 98

the portion that lines the wall of the cavity like wallpaper

Front 99

visceral membrane

Back 99

covers the surface of the viscera

Front 100

pleura serous membrane

Back 100

surrounds a lung and lines the thoracic cavity

Front 101

peritoneum serous membrane

Back 101

covers the abdominal viscera and lines the abdominal cavity

Front 102

pericardium serous membrane

Back 102

surrounds the heart

Front 103

mucous membrane

Back 103

epithelial membranes that line body surfaces opening directly to the exterior

Front 104

lamina propria

Back 104

the fibrous connective tissue underlying the epithelium in mucous membranes

Front 105

mucus

Back 105

watery secretion that contains a mixture of mucins, which are a group of about two dozen different proteoglycans; coats and protects the underlying cells; acts as a lubricant for food as it moves along the digestive tract; serves as a sticky trap for contaminants in the respiratory tract

Front 106

synovial membranes

Back 106

connective tissue membranes that line the spaces between bones and joints that move

Front 107

synovial fluid

Back 107

colorless lubricating fluid

Front 108

bursae

Back 108

small, cushion-like sacs

Front 109

neoplasm

Back 109

"new matter," also known as tumors; refers to any abnormal growth of cells

Front 110

benign/malignant

Back 110

tumors/neoplasms that usually grow very slowly and do not spread to other tissues

Front 111

cancers

Back 111

also known as malignant tumors; are not encapsulated and tend to spread to other regions of the body

Front 112

metastasis

Back 112

the migration of cells by way of lymphatic or blood vessels

Front 113

carcinomas

Back 113

malignant tumors that arise from epithelial tissues

Front 114

sarcomas

Back 114

malignant tumors that arise from connective tissues

Front 115

hyperplasia

Back 115

too many cells

Front 116

anaplasia

Back 116

abnormal, undifferentiated cells

Front 117

oncogenes

Back 117

cancer genes that are inherited directly

Front 118

tumor suppressor gene

Back 118

type of gene that may fail to operate and thus allow cancer to develop

Front 119

carcinogens

Back 119

cancer makers

Front 120

mutagens

Back 120

mutation makers

Front 121

How can you detect cancer?

Back 121

self-examination, medical imaging, blood tests, and biopsy

Front 122

chemotherapy

Back 122

chemical therapy with cytotoxic (cell-killing) compounds or antineoplastic drugs, can be used after surgery to destroy any remaining malignant cells

Front 123

radiation therapy

Back 123

also known as radiotherapy; involves the use of destructive x-ray or gamma radiation alone or with chemotherapy to destroy any remaining cancer cells

Front 124

laser therapy

Back 124

an intense beam of light that destroys a tumor, is also sometimes coupled with chemotherapy or radiation therapy

Front 125

immunotherapy

Back 125

bolsters the body's own defenses against cancer cells