Anatomy & Physiology I Lab Test 1

Front 1

Anterior

Back 1

Toward the front (ex. the palms are on the anterior side of the body; the esophagus is anterior to the spinal cord)

Front 2

Posterior

Back 2

Toward the back (ex. The occipital bone is on the posterior cranium (skull); the spinal cord is posterior to the esophagus)

Front 3

Superior

Back 3

Toward the head (ex. The nose is superior to the mouth; the neck is superior to the chest)

Front 4

Inferior

Back 4

Toward the tail (ex. the nose is inferior to the forehead; the umbilicus (belly) is inferior to the chest)

Front 5

Proximal

Back 5

Closer to the point of origin (generally the trunk) (ex. the knee is proximal to the ankle; the shoulder is proximal to the elbow)

Front 6

Distal

Back 6

Farther away from the point of origin (generally the trunk) (ex. the foot is distal to the hip; the wrist is distal to the elbow)

Front 7

Medial

Back 7

Closer to the middle of the body or a body part; on the inner side of (ex. the ear is medial to the shoulder; the index finger is medial to the thumb)

Front 8

Lateral

Back 8

Farther away from the midline of the body or a body part; on outer side of (ex. the shoulder is lateral to the chest; the thumb is lateral to the index finger)

Front 9

Superficial

Back 9

Closer to the surface (ex. skin is superficial to muscle; muscle is superficial to bone)

Front 10

Deep

Back 10

Further below the surface (bone is deep to the skin; bone is deep to muscle)

Front 11

abdominal region

Back 11

pertaining to the abdomen

Front 12

cephalic region

Back 12

pertaining to the head

Front 13

cervical region

Back 13

pertaining to the neck

Front 14

dorsal region

Back 14

pertaining to the back of the body

Front 15

gluteal region

Back 15

pertaining to the buttocks

Front 16

inguinal region

Back 16

pertaining to the groin

Front 17

lumbar region

Back 17

pertaining to the lower back

Front 18

manual region

Back 18

pertaining to the hand

Front 19

occipital region

Back 19

pertaining to the back of the head

Front 20

palmar region

Back 20

pertaining to the palm

Front 21

pedal region

Back 21

pertaining to the foot

Front 22

pelvic region

Back 22

pertaining to the pelvis

Front 23

plantar region

Back 23

pertaining to the sole of the foot "plant yourself to the ground"

Front 24

popliteal region

Back 24

pertaining to the posterior surface (back) of the knee

Front 25

pubic region

Back 25

pertaining to the pubis

Front 26

sacral region

Back 26

pertaining to the sacrum

Front 27

sural region

Back 27

pertaining to the posterior surface of the leg

Front 28

sternal region

Back 28

pertaining to the sternum

Front 29

thoracic region

Back 29

pertaining to the chest, can be separated into the medial mediastinum and the left/right pleural cavities. Contains esophagus, trachea, bronchi, and heart

Front 30

vertebral region

Back 30

pertaining to the spinal column

Front 31

buccal region

Back 31

Pertaining to the cheek

Front 32

cranial region

Back 32

pertaining to the cranium

Front 33

frontal region

Back 33

pertaining to the forehead

Front 34

mental region

Back 34

pertaining to the chin

Front 35

nasal region

Back 35

pertaining to the nose

Front 36

ocular/orbital region

Back 36

pertaining to the bony eye socket

Front 37

oral region

Back 37

pertaining to the mouth

Front 38

otic region

Back 38

pertaining to the ear

Front 39

acromial region

Back 39

pertaining to the point of the shoulder

Front 40

antebrachial region

Back 40

pertaining to the forearm

Front 41

antecubital region

Back 41

pertaining to the anterior surface of the elbow

Front 42

axillary region

Back 42

pertaining to the armpit

Front 43

brachial region

Back 43

pertaining to the arm

Front 44

carpal region

Back 44

pertaining to the wrist

Front 45

digital region

Back 45

pertaining to the fingers

Front 46

metacarpal region

Back 46

pertaining to the metacarpais

Front 47

pollex region

Back 47

pertaining to the thumb

Front 48

coxal region

Back 48

pertaining to the hip

Front 49

crural region

Back 49

pertaining to the anterior surface of the leg

Front 50

digital region (lower limb)

Back 50

pertaining to the toes

Front 51

femoral region

Back 51

pertaining to the thigh

Front 52

hallux region

Back 52

pertaining to the great toe

Front 53

metatarsal region

Back 53

pertaining to the metatarsais

Front 54

patellar region

Back 54

pertaining to the anterior surface of the knee

Front 55

tarsal region

Back 55

pertaining to the ankle

Front 56

abdominopelvic cavity

Back 56

• Inferior to the diaphragm and contains the abdominal cavity/ pelvic cavity
  
• contains the digestive organs, urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

Front 57

Organs Contained in the Right Upper Quadrant

Back 57

• portions of ascending/transverse colon
• right portion of the liver
• gallbladder
• right kidney
• portion of the stomach
• parts of the small intestine

Section A

Front 58

Organs Contained in the Left Upper Quadrant

Back 58

• left portion of the liver
• large portion of the stomach
• pancreas
• left kidney
• spleen
• parts of the transverse descending colon
• parts of the small intestine

Section C

Front 59

Organs Contained in the Right Lower Quadrant

Back 59

• cecum
• appendix
• part of the small intestine
• right female reproduction system
• right ureter

Section B

Front 60

Organs Contained in the Left Lower Quadrant

Back 60

• majority of the small intestine
• some large intestine
• left female reproductive organs and left ureter

Section D

Front 61

Organs Contained in the Right Hypochondriac Region

Back 61

• Liver
• Gallbladder
• Right Kidney
• Small Intestine

Section 1

Front 62

Organs Contained in the Left Hypochondriac Region

Back 62

• Spleen
• Colon
• Left Kidney
• Pancreas

Section 3

Front 63

Epigastrium

Back 63

• Stomach
• Liver
• Pancreas
• Duodenum
• Spleen
• Adrenal Glands

Section 2

Front 64

Right Lumbar Region

Back 64

• Gallbladder
• Liver
• Right Colon

Section 4

Front 65

Left Lumbar Region

Back 65

• Descending Colon
• Left Kidney

Section 6

Front 66

Umbilical Region

Back 66

• Umbilicus
  
• Jejunum
• Ileum
• Duodenum

Section 5

Front 67

Right Iliac Region

Back 67

• Appendix
• Cecum

Section 7

Front 68

Left Iliac Region

Back 68

• Descending Colon
  
• Sigmoid Colon

Section 9

Front 69

Hypogastric Region

Back 69

• Urinary Bladder
• Sigmoid Colon
• Female Reproductive Organs

Section 8

Front 70

Sagittal Plane

Back 70

Section made parallel to the body's longitudinal axis, it divides the body into right and left parts.

Front 71

Midsagittal Plane

Back 71

Divides the body into equal right and left parts

Front 72

Parasagittal Plane

Back 72

Divides the body into unequal right and left parts

Front 73

Frontal Plane

Back 73

Section made parallel to the body's longitudinal axis; it divides the body into anterior and posterior regions.

Front 74

Transverse Plane

Back 74

A section made perpendicular to the body's longitudinal axis; it divides the body into superior and inferior parts.

Front 75

Aorta (Artery)

Back 75

Cardiovascular System; Conducts oxygenated blood.

Front 76

Bone

Back 76

Skeletal System; Support and protection

Front 77

Brain

Back 77

Nervous System; sends and receives signals from other areas of the body

Front 78

Esophagus

Back 78

Digestive System; carries food, liquid, and saliva from mouth to stomach

Front 79

Heart

Back 79

Cardiovascular System; primary for blood circulation

Front 80

Kidney

Back 80

Urinary/ Endocrine System; filters waste out of the blood

Front 81

Large Intestine

Back 81

Digestive System; Absorbs water from undigested foods

Front 82

Larynx

Back 82

Respiratory System; houses vocal cords

Front 83

Liver

Back 83

Digestive System; Metabolism, detoxifies substances, glucose stored as glycogen and fat

Front 84

Lungs

Back 84

Respiratory System; take in oxygen and gives out carbon dioxide

Front 85

Lymph Node

Back 85

Lymphatic System; produces lymphocytes to defend the body

Front 86

Muscle

Back 86

Muscular System; helps move and support the body

Front 87

Nerve

Back 87

Nervous System; carries blood through the body

Front 88

Ovary

Back 88

Female Reproductive System and Endocrine System; Helps form eggs for reproduction

Front 89

Pancreas

Back 89

Digestive/ Endocrine System; Produces enzymes, insulin, and other hormones

Front 90

Pharynx

Back 90

Respiratory/ Digestive Systems; Aids in moving food from the mouth to the stomach, also prepares air for the lungs

Front 91

Pituitary Gland

Back 91

Endocrine System; produces hormones

Front 92

Skin

Back 92

Integumentary System; Protects and Contains body parts

Front 93

Small Intestine

Back 93

Digestive System; digests food and absorbs nutrients

Front 94

Spinal Cord

Back 94

Nervous System; transmits neural signals to the brain

Front 95

Spleen

Back 95

Lymphatic System; Cleans worn-out red blood cells and other foreign bodies from the bloodstream to help fight infection

Front 96

Stomach

Back 96

Digestive/Endocrine System; aids in food processing

Front 97

Testis

Back 97

Male Reproductive/ Endocrine System; forms sperm

Front 98

Thyroid Gland

Back 98

Endocrine System; secretes thyroid hormones which regulate metabolism and body temperature

Front 99

Urinary Bladder

Back 99

Urinary System; stores urine

Front 100

Uterus

Back 100

Female Reproductive System; hosts fertilized zygote to grow into body, provides baby with nutrients

Front 101

Vagina

Back 101

Female Reproductive System; aids in reproduction

Front 102

Vena Cava (vein)

Back 102

Cardiovascular System; carries blood through the body

Front 103

Urethra

Back 103

Reproductive/ Urinary System; carries urine out of the body

Front 104

Homeostasis

Back 104

Refers to the body's actions in maintaining internal conditions within a narrow, relatively stable physiological range

Front 105

Receptor

Back 105

responds to a particular environmental change or stimulus

Front 106

Control Center

Back 106

receives the information supplied by the receptor, processes the information, and sends out commands

Front 107

Effector

Back 107

Produces a response

Front 108

Negative Feedback

Back 108

Physiological Response opposes the stimulus; most common bodily response

Front 109

Positive Feedback

Back 109

The body encourages and enhances the original stimulus. Not common, examples include blood clotting and child birth

Front 110

A

Back 110

Head

Front 111

B

Back 111

Revolving Nosepiece

Front 112

C

Back 112

High Power Objective Lens

Front 113

M

Back 113

Scanning Objective Lens

Front 114

N

Back 114

Low Power Objective Lens

Front 115

D

Back 115

stage

Front 116

E

Back 116

Iris Diaphragm or Condensor, the condenser is above the iris diaphragm

Front 117

O

Back 117

substage light

Front 118

F

Back 118

Ocular Lens

Front 119

G

Back 119

Arm

Front 120

H

Back 120

Stage Clips

Front 121

J

Back 121

Large knob is the coarse adjustment knob, small knob is the fine adjustment knob

Front 122

L

Back 122

Base

Front 123

Ocular Lenses typically magnify objects by...

Back 123

10

Front 124

Total Magnification=

Back 124

Ocular Lens (10) x Objective Lens

Front 125

What regulates the amount of light passing through the specimen?

Back 125

Iris Diaphragm Lever

Front 126

What concentrates light on the specimen?

Back 126

The Condenser

Front 127

What connects the objective lens to the head of the microscope?

Back 127

Rotating Nosepiece

Front 128

Cells of the human body are...

Back 128

Eukaryotic cells

Front 129

Red Sphere

Back 129

Nucleolus; Assists with ribosome formation into and out of the nucleus

Front 130

Yellow Sphere

Back 130

Nucleus; Control center of the cell, surrounded by the nuclear envelope

Front 131

Blue with White Dots

Back 131

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum; Synthesizes and transports proteins

Front 132

White Spheres

Back 132

Ribosome; synthesizes proteins

Front 133

Purple

Back 133

Golgi Apparatus; packages and modifies proteins

Front 134

White Barrier Surrounding The Entire Cell

Back 134

Plasma Membrane; a thin phospholipid bilayer in which various proteins are embedded or attached

Front 135

Blue With No Dots

Back 135

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum; synthesizes lipids and steroids; detoxifies drugs

Front 136

Orange Bean Shaped Organelles

Back 136

Mitochondria; Synthesizes ATP, the "powerhouse" of the cell

Front 137

(either blue ball or peach ball)

Back 137

Peroxisome; detoxifies toxic substances

Front 138

Grey Area

Back 138

Cytoplasm; Largly water containing a variety of sugars, proteins, and ions

Front 139

Light Blue Sphere

Back 139

Lysosome; Contains enzymes that digest worn-out organelles and substances that have entered the cell

Front 140

Green With Yellow Stripes

Back 140

Centrioles; aid in cell division and provide some support

Front 141

Epithelial Tissue

Back 141

covers and lines all body surfaces and cavities

Front 142

Connective Tissue

Back 142

Very widespread; performs binding, support, protection, and transport functions

Front 143

Muscle Tissue

Back 143

Which contracts and generates force

Front 144

Nervous Tissue

Back 144

Generates, sends, and receives electrical signals throughout the body

Front 145

Simple Epithelium

Back 145

Front 146

Stratified Epithelium

Back 146

Front 147

Squamous Cell

Back 147

Front 148

Cuboidal Cells

Back 148

Front 149

Columnar Cells

Back 149

Front 150

Types of Epithelial Tissue

Back 150

• Simple Squamous Epithelium
• Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
• Simple Columnar Epithelium
• Stratified Squamous Epithelium
• Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
• Stratified Columnar Epithelium
• Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
• Transitional Epithelium

Front 151

Back 151

Simple Squamous Epithelium:

• Ex. air sacs in lungs
• a single layer of flat cells

Front 152

Back 152

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium:

• a single layer of cube-shaped cells
  

Front 153

Back 153

Simple Columnar Epithelium:

• Ex. kidney tubules
• a single layer of rectangular-shaped cells

Front 154

Back 154

Stratified Squamous Epithelium:

• two or more cell layers
• Basal cells (those closer to the basement membrane) are often cuboidal or columnar, but the apical cells (closer to the surface) are flat

Front 155

Back 155

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium:

• two or more layers of cube-shaped cells

Front 156

Back 156

Stratified Columnar Epithelium:

• two or more layers of column-shaped cells

Front 157

Back 157

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium:

• ex. located in the trachea
• column-shaped cells of differing heights containing nuclei at different layers of the cell
• appears to be stratified but is actually only one layer because every cell rests on the basement membrane

Front 158

Back 158

Transitional Epithelium:

• Stratified epithelium found only in the urinary bladder
• surface changes and stretches according to need
• apical cells are flattened when the structure is full and rounded when it is empty

Front 159

Integumentary System (Main Organs/ Functions)

Back 159

Main Organs:

• Skin, Hair, Nails

Functions:

• Contains and Protects the Body

Front 160

Skeletal System

Back 160

Main Organs:

• Bones/ Joints

Functions

• Supports and protects the body's organs, provides a framework for muscles, stores minerals, and creates blood cells

Front 161

Muscular System

Back 161

Major Organs

• Skeletal Muscles

Major Functions

• Maintains posture and produces movement/ heat

Front 162

Lymphatic System

Back 162

Major Organs:

• Red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen, lymph nodes

Functions:

• Fights off disease and infection

Front 163

Respiratory System

Back 163

Main Organs:

• Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, lungs

Functions:

• Removes carbon dioxide and adds oxygen to the blood

Front 164

Digestive System

Back 164

Main Orans:

• Oral Cavity, esophagus, liver, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum anus

Functions:

• Breaks down food and eliminates waste

Front 165

Nervous System

Back 165

Main Organs:

• Brain, spinal cord, nerves

Functions:

• Control System, responds to internal/ external changes

Front 166

Endocrine System

Back 166

Main Organs:

• Pineal Gland, Pituitary Gland, Thyroid Gland, Thymus, Adrenal Gland, Pancreas, Ovaries, Testis

Functions:

• Secretes hormones that regulate processes such as growth, metabolism, and reproduction

Front 167

Urinary System

Back 167

Major Organs:

• Kidney, Ureter, Urinary Bladder, Urethra

Functions:

• Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body, regulates balance of blood

Front 168

Reproductive System

Back 168

Major Organs:

• M: prostrate gland, penis, testis, scrotum, ductus deferens
• F: Mammary glands, ovaries, uterus, vagina, uterine tube

Functions:

• Produces offspring

Front 169

Loose Connective Tissue (appearance/ function)

Back 169

Provides support and protection in the walls of hollow organs and membranes lining cavities; fibroblasts and three proteins types

Front 170

Connective Tissue Parts

Back 170

Front 171

Dense Connective Tissue

Back 171

Protein fibers; provides strength

Three Types:

1. Dense Regular
2. Dense Irregular
3. Dense Regular Elastic

Front 172

Connective Tissue Proper

Back 172

• Loose connective tissue
• Dense connective tissue
• Reticular Tissue
• Adipose Tissue

Front 173

Specialized Connective Tissue

Back 173

• includes cartilage, bone, and blood

Front 174

Back 174

Dense Regular Connective Tissue:

Found in tendons and ligaments and resists unidirectional stress due to parallel arrangement

Front 175

Back 175

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue:

Found in deep layer of thick skin and around joints, resists stress

Front 176

Back 176

Elastic Connective Tissue::

Allows stretch and recoil in large blood vessels and certain ligaments

Front 177

Back 177

Reticular Tissue:

Forms the structure for many organs, supports small structures such as blood vessels (found in the spleen, liver, lymph nodes, and bone marrow

Front 178

Back 178

Adipose Tissue:

Consists of adipocytes; functions in insulation, warmth, storage, shock absorption. Found deep to the skin in abdomen, breasts, hips, buttocks, thighs, and surrounding heart/ abdominal organs

Front 179

Cartilage Cell Types

Back 179

1. Hyaline Cartilage
2. Fibrocartilage
3. Elastic Cartilage

Contains chondrocytes

Front 180

Back 180

Hyaline Cartilage:

Found in the trachea and between bones

Front 181

Back 181

Fibrocartilage:

Found in between intervertebral discs

Front 182

Back 182

Elastic Cartilage:

Found in the external ear and the epiglottis

Front 183

Back 183

Bone:

Contains osteocytes; functions in support and protection, attachment site for muscles, produces blood and stores fat/ minerals

Front 184

Back 184

Blood:

Contains erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and platelets; function in oxygen transportation, immunity, and blood clotting

Front 185

Back 185

Nervous Tissue:

Adapted for sending and receiving electrical impulses

Front 186

Muscle Tissue Types

Back 186

1. Skeletal Muscle
2. Cardiac Muscle
3. Smooth Muscle

Front 187

Back 187

Skeletal Muscle:

Long, multinucleate, voluntary control, appear striated; attached to bone

Front 188

Back 188

Cardiac Muscle:

Short, branched, uninucleate, interconnected by intercalated discs, striated, involuntary control; found in heart

Front 189

Back 189

Smooth Muscle:

Thin, uninucleate, no striations, involuntary control; found in hollow organs and blood cells

Front 190

Epithelial Tissue (apical surface, basement membrane, nucleus location)

Back 190

Front 191

Compound Light Microscope

Back 191

A microscope with visible light and multiple lens

Front 192

Working Distance

Back 192

The distance between the objective lens and the specimen

Front 193

System located in the pelvic cavity

Back 193

reproductive system

Front 194

system located in the dorsal cavity

Back 194

brain/ spinal cord

Front 195

system located in the abdominal cavity

Back 195

digestive system

Front 196

Serous Membrane by Region and Parts

Back 196

• Pleura- covers the lungs
• Pericardium- covers the heart
• Peritoneum- covers most abdominal organs

Outer layer of serous membrane is the parietal layer, inner layer of the membrane is the visceral layer; mediastinum is found in the thoracic cavity

Front 197

A (Palm & Sole of Foot)

Back 197

Stratum Corneum

Front 198

B (Palm & Sole of Foot)

Back 198

Stratum Lucidum

Front 199

C (Palm & Sole of Foot)

Back 199

Stratum Granulosum

Front 200

D (Palm & Sole of Foot)

Back 200

Stratum Spinosum

Front 201

E (Palm & Sole of Foot)

Back 201

Stratum Germinativum or Stratum Basale

Front 202

F (Palm & Sole of Foot)

Back 202

Dermal Papillae

Front 203

W (Palm & Sole of Foot)

Back 203

Meissner's Corpuscle

Front 204

R (Palm and Sole of Foot)

Back 204

Capillary Loop

Front 205

H (Dermis)

Back 205

Sweat Gland

Front 206

U (Dermis)

Back 206

Pacinian Corpucsle (lamellated corpuscle)

Front 207

L (Dermis)

Back 207

Apocrine Sweat Gland

Front 208

X (Dermis)

Back 208

Arrector Pili Muscle

Front 209

N (Dermis)

Back 209

Sebaceous Gland

Front 210

K (Dermis)

Back 210

Hair Papilla

Front 211

Dermis B

Back 211

Hair Bulb

Front 212

J (Dermis)

Back 212

Hair Shaft

Front 213

G (Hypodermis)

Back 213

Adipose Tissue

Front 214

Peach Colored Sphere

Back 214

Vesicle; transports particles

Front 215

Purple Lines Inside Nucleus

Back 215

Chromatic/ Chromatin; What chromosomes are composed of

Front 216

Partially Open White Sphere

Back 216

Pinocytic Vesicle; Aids in transportation, absorbs outside particles