Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 4

Front 1

- a group of cells that have a common embryonic origin and function together.

Back 1

Tissue

Front 2

- covers body surfaces and lines spaces and ducts it also forms glands.

Back 2

Epithelial tissue

Front 3

- protects and supports the body, binds organs together, stores energy reserves, or provides immunity.

Back 3

Connective tissue (C.T.)

Front 4

- produces movement and generates force.

Back 4

Muscle tissue

Front 5

- detects changes and helps coordinate body activities through action potentials

Back 5

Nervous tissue

Front 6

- forms a fluid-tight seal between cells.

Back 6

Tight junction

Front 7

- fastens cells to other cells or nearby materials by dense layers of protein called

Back 7

Adherens junction

Front 8

- permits electrical or chemical signals to go from cell to cell. Ions and small molecules

Back 8

Gap junction

Front 9

- are like adherens but have intermediate filaments that extend from one side of the cell

Back 9

Desmosomes

Front 10

- are like half a desmosome and are especially important in anchoring one type of

Back 10

Hemidesmosomes

Front 11

consists of closely packed cells arranged in continuous sheets, and are securely attached to each other.
- Cells have an apical (free) surface exposed to a space and a basal surface attached to a basement membrane.
- avascular (no blood vessels) but has a nerve supply.
- attached to an underlying C.T. by a noncellular basement membrane.
- has a high capacity for renewal.
- derived from all three types of germ tissues.
-has a wide diversity of functions (protection, secretion, digestion, absorption, respiration, excretion, and reproduction)

Back 11

Epithelium

Front 12

- one layer of cells.

Back 12

Simple epithelium

Front 13

- two or more layers.

Back 13

Stratified

Front 14

- one layer of a mixture of cell shapes so that it appears stratified.

Back 14

Pseudostratified

Front 15

- flat, thin cells.

Back 15

Squamous

Front 16

- height, length and width are all about the same.

Back 16

Cuboidal

Front 17

- much taller than wide, many are ciliated (short appendages).

Back 17

Columnar

Front 18

- cells change shape.

Back 18

Transitional

Front 19

- one or more cells that secrete(s) substances into ducts, blood, or onto a surface.

Back 19

Gland

Front 20

- secretions are passed through a duct to the lumen (cavity) of an organ or the skin surface (not into the blood) (e.g. sweat glands)

Back 20

Exocrine glands

Front 21

-secretions enter blood without passing through a duct. (E.g. thyroid gland)

Back 21

Endocrine glands

Front 22

- secretory vesicles release secretions by exocytosis.

Back 22

Merocrine glands

Front 23

- apical portion of cell pinches off and releases secretions.

Back 23

Apocrine glands

Front 24

- cell ruptures to release secretions

Back 24

Holocrine glands

Front 25

-is a very abundant and widely distributed tissue.
- distinguished by the presence of cells surrounded by a noncellular matrix.
- does not usually occur on a free surface.
- typically has a nerve supply and is highly vascular.
- matrix is usually secreted by that tissue’s cells.
- matrix determines that tissue’s qualities.

Back 25

Connective Tissue (C.T.)

Hint 25

type of tissue

Front 26

- are larger, flat cells with branching processes (fibers). These secrete matrix

Back 26

Fibroblasts

Front 27

- cells that produce matrix in cartilage.

Back 27

Chondroblasts

Front 28

- cells that produce matrix in bone.

Back 28

Osteoblasts

Front 29

- are cells that help fight foreign invaders.

Back 29

Macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells

Front 30

-cells that store triglycerides (fat)

Back 30

Adipocytes

Front 31

- along with fibers this makes up the matrix. It is the background material of C.T. and contains many different types of large molecules.
-supports cells, holds tissues together and provides a medium for exchange of chemicals between blood and cells.
- One component is hyaluronic acid, Esp. in areolar C.T.

Back 31

Ground substance

Front 32

-enzymes produced by white blood cells to break hyaluronic acid apart so that they can penetrate C.T.

Back 32

hyaluronidase

Front 33

-are very tough and resistant to pulling but give some flexibility since they are not pulled tight. They are straight and often occur as bundles.

Back 33

Collagen Fibers

Front 34

-provide strength but can be stretched considerably without breaking.
-They are branching

Back 34

Elastic Fibers

Front 35

-are relatively thin and branching, provide support and strength but do not stretch much

Back 35

Reticular fibers

Front 36

- is embryonic C.T. It gives rise to the other C.T.s.

Back 36

Mesenchyme

Front 37

- has a semifluid ground substance (hyaluronic acid). -gives a strong but elastic support to skin, mucous membranes, blood vessels, and body organs.

Back 37

Areolar C.T

Hint 37

type of connective tissue

Front 38

- contains cells (adipocytes) that store triglycerides in a large space.
- serves as an insulator and stores energy reserves.

Back 38

Adipose Tissue

Front 39

-has a network of interlacing fibers and forms the stroma (framework) of many organs

Back 39

Reticular C.T.

Front 40

- consists mainly of parallel collagen fiber bundles.
- forms tendons and ligaments, and resists pulling in one direction

Back 40

Dense Regular C.T.

Front 41

- contains collagen fibers that are randomly arranged.
- occurs in sheets where there is tension exerted in various directions.

Back 41

Dense Irregular C.T

Front 42

-consists mainly of freely branching elastic fibers and can stretch.
- occurs in lung tissue, arteries and respiratory tubes

Back 42

Elastic C.T.

Front 43

- consist of cells (chondrocytes) within spaces called lacunae surrounded by a rubbery ground substance.
- avascular so it heals slowly

Back 43

Cartilage

Front 44

- a membrane that surrounds most cartilage.
- can help repair damage

Back 44

perichondrium

Front 45

- consists of cells (osteocytes) in lacunae, surrounded by protein fibers and a hard ground substance composed mainly of calcium salts.

Back 45

Bone (osseous) tissue

Front 46

- consists of cells and cell fragments surrounded by a liquid matrix (plasma).

Back 46

Blood (vascular) tissue

Front 47

- consists of excess tissue fluid, drained from tissues and cells, in vessels.
- Also contains dietary lipids absorbed from intestines

Back 47

Lymph

Front 48

- a thin, flexible sheet of tissue that covers or line part of the body and is composed of epithelium and C.T. layers, or of C.T. only.

Back 48

Membrane

Front 49

Location:
- lines body cavities that open to the outside
Function:
- Serves as a barrier to entry of pathogens.
- Prevents desiccation
- Traps and removes particles in the respiratory pathway
- Provides lubrication in various tubes
- Secretes digestive enzymes and absorbs products of digestion.

Back 49

Mucous Membrane (mucosa)

Front 50

Location:
- lines body cavities that do not open to the outside and covers organs w/in these cavities.
Function:
- secretes a watery fluid that allows organs to glide over nearby structures reducing friction).

Back 50

Serous Membrane (serosa)

Front 51

Location:
- covers the surface of the body

Back 51

Cutaneous Membrane (skin)

Front 52

Location:
- lines cavities of freely movable joints. Is composed of discontinuous layer of synoviocytes and areolar C.T. (no epithelium).
Function:
- secrets fluid that lubricates and nourishes cartilage that covers bones

Back 52

Synovial Membrane

Front 53

Location: Usually attached to bones
Mode of control: Voluntary
Structure: Striated, parallel fibers, each with many nuclei located peripherally.

Back 53

Skeletal muscle

Front 54

Location: Wall of the heart
Mode of control: Involuntary
Structure: Striated, branching fibers each w/ 1or 2 nuclei located centrally. It also has intercalated disks where fibers attach end to end

Back 54

Cardiac muscle

Front 55

Location: Walls of organs, blood vessels, and airways to the lungs
Mode of control: Usually involuntary.
Structure: Unstriated, nonbranching, spindle-shaped fibers each w/ one centrally located nucleus.

Back 55

Smooth muscle

Front 56

Function:
- to detect stimuli (changes) and send information in the form of action potentials to other cells for processing or for a response.
Structure (3 basic parts):
- Cell body
- Dendrites
- Axons

Back 56

Neurons

Front 57

- these cells do not carry nerve impulses but they service the neurons

Back 57

Neuroglia

Front 58

- contains the nucleus and other organelles.

Back 58

Cell body

Front 59

- branched fibers that are the input part of that cell.

Back 59

Dendrites

Front 60

- a single fiber on each cell that carries its output to other cells (typically away from the
cell body).

Back 60

Axons

Front 61

- the ability of some cells to respond to certain stimuli (changes) by producing an electrical signal, often called an action potential.

Back 61

Electrical excitability

Front 62

- produced by neurons
-sends information along that cell to another cell.

Back 62

nerve action potential

Front 63

- produced by muscle cells (muscle fibers)
- stimulates the entire fiber to contract.

Back 63

muscle action potential

Front 64

- cells from the stroma (supporting C.T.) divide in repair
- scar tissue will form

Back 64

Fibrosis

Front 65

– may occur if cells from the parenchyma (functioning part) divide in repair,

Back 65

tissue regeneration

Front 66

- an actively growing region of C.T. in a wound.
-It can provide a framework for epithelial cells to migrate over and cover the wound.

Back 66

Granulation tissue

Front 67

-Tissues heal slower and leave more obvious scars in the aged.
- Changes in collagen and elastic fibers contribute to stiffening and loss of elasticity.

Back 67

the effect of aging on tissues.

Front 68

- is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks exocrine glands.
-Esp. attacks salivary glands and lacrimal (tear) glands.
- Symptoms include dryness of mucous membranes, eyes and mouth, and salivary gland enlargement.

Back 68

Sjogren’s syndrome

Front 69

- an inflammatory autoimmune disease of C.T.
- Signs and symptoms include painful joints, low grade fever, fatigue, mouth ulcers, Wt. loss, enlarged lymph nodes, rapid hair loss, anorexia, and “butterfly” rash across the nose.
- Causes include: A genetic component, viruses, bacteria, chemicals, drugs, excessive exposure to sunlight, stress, and sex hormones.

Back 69

Systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus, SLE)

Front 70

the removal of a sample of living tissue for microscopic examination to help diagnose disease

Back 70

biopsy

Front 71

an immune response of the body directed at foreign proteins in a transplanted tissue or organ

Back 71

tissue rejection

Front 72

the replacement of a diseased or injured organ

Back 72

tissue transplantation

Front 73

trasplantation with the cells or tissues from animals

Back 73

xenotransplantation