Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 2

Front 1

What are elements represented by?

Back 1

1 or 2 letters

Front 2

What are the 6 main elements in the body? and how much of body weight do they represent?

Back 2

O, C, H, N, Ca, P 98.5%

Front 3

What are the 6 other elements in the body?How much body weight do they represent?

Back 3

S, K, Na, Cl, Mg, Fe 0.8%

Front 4

What are the remaining 12 elements called?

Back 4

Trace Elements

Front 5

What are the trace elements?

Back 5

Cr, Co, Cu, F, I, Mn,Mo, Si, Sn, V, Zn

Front 6

Minerals

Back 6

inorganic elements extracted from soil by plants

Front 7

What is the nucleus of an atom composed of?

Back 7

Protons and Neutrons

Front 8

What determines the chemical property of an atom?

Back 8

Electrons

Front 9

What does the outermost shell in an electron shell determine?

Back 9

The bonding of an atom

Front 10

Isotopes

Back 10

Elements which differ in number of neutrons

Front 11

Do all elements behave the same chemically?

Back 11

Yes

Front 12

Radioisotopes

Back 12

Isotopes that are unstable and decay to more stable isotopes by giving off radiation

Front 13

Ionizing radiation

Back 13

High energy radiation that destroys molecules and produces dangerous free radicals and ions in human tissues

Front 14

Ions

Back 14

Anion can be a single atom with a positive or negative charge, a groupof atoms or as large as a protein with many charges

Front 15

Anions

Back 15

particles that gainelectrons and acquire a negative charge

Front 16

Cations

Back 16

Particles that loose electrons and acquire a positive charge

Front 17

What do ions with opposite charge do?

Back 17

Attract and follow one another around the body

Front 18

Electrolytes

Back 18

compounds that ionize in water and form solutions capable of conducting electricity

Front 19

What are electrolytes important for?

Back 19

Chemical reactivity, osmotic effects, and electrical effects

Front 20

Free Radicals

Back 20

chemical particles with an odd number of electrons

Front 21

What are free radicals produced by?

Back 21

normal metabolic reactions and combine with molecules converting them into free radicals

Front 22

Antioxidant

Back 22

a chemical that neutralizes free radicals

Front 23

Molecules

Back 23

particles composed of two or more atoms united by a bond

Front 24

compounds

Back 24

substance formed when two or morechemical elements are chemically bonded together

Front 25

Chemical bonds

Back 25

forces that hold a molecule together and attract molecules to one another

Front 26

Ionic bond

Back 26

weak attraction of a cation and an anion that easily dissociates in the presence of something more attractive

Front 27

Covalent bond

Back 27

attraction between atoms formed by the sharing of electrons

Front 28

Hydrogen bond

Back 28

weak attraction between hydrogen and oxygen or nitrogen

Front 29

Hydrophillic

Back 29

Dissolves in water

Front 30

Hydrophobic

Back 30

Doesn't dissolve in water

Front 31

Adhesion

Back 31

water adheres to the body tissues and forms lubricating film

Front 32

Cohesion

Back 32

the tendency of molecules of the same substance to cling to each other

Front 33

Surface tension

Back 33

a force that holds water moelcules together so they form an elastic layer

Front 34

chemical reactivity

Back 34

water participates in chemical reactions by ionizing other chemicals

Front 35

Solution

Back 35

particles (solute) under 1nm mixed with liquid (solvent)

Front 36

Colloids

Back 36

particles 1 to 100 nm mixed with a liquid

Front 37

Suspension

Back 37

particles larger than 100 nm mixed with liquid

Front 38

How can you measure the concentration of solutions?

Back 38

Percentages: weight/volume or volume/volume

Molarity: molecules/volume

Front 39

Acid range

Back 39

7.0-0

Front 40

Basic range

Back 40

7.0-14.0

Front 41

pure water PH

Back 41

7

Front 42

Potential energy

Back 42

energy contained in an object because of its position or internal state but it is not doing work at the time

Front 43

Kinetic Energy

Back 43

Energy of motion, energy that is doing work

Front 44

Chemical energy

Back 44

potential energy stored in the bonds of molecules

Front 45

Chemical reactions

Back 45

release of energy and make it available for work

Front 46

Classes of chemical reactions

Decomposition

Synthesis

Exchange

Back 46

Decomposition: A large molecule breaks down into smaller molecules

Synthesis: Small molecules combine to form a larger one

Exchange: two molecules exchange atoms or groups of atoms

Front 47

Metabolism

Back 47

all chemical reactions in the body

Front 48

catabolism

Back 48

the break down of molecules

Front 49

anabolism

Back 49

energy storing synthesis reactions that require energy input

Front 50

Carbon can form how many bonds?

Back 50

4

Front 51

Can carbon form with other carbon?

Back 51

Yes

Front 52

Who does carbon commonly bond with?

Back 52

H, O, N, S

Front 53

Functional groups

Back 53

small clusters of atoms attaches to a carbon backbone with determine properties of an organic molecule

Front 54

Hydroxyl

Back 54

OH

Front 55

Methyl

Back 55

CH3

Front 56

Carboxyl

Back 56

COOH

Front 57

Amino

Back 57

NH2

Front 58

Phosphate

Back 58

H2PO4

Front 59

Monomers

Back 59

subunits

Front 60

Dehydration synthesis

Back 60

OH group is removed from a monomer and a -H from another producing H2O and forming a covalent bond between them

Front 61

Hydrolisis

Back 61

Water ionizes to OH and H+, covalent bond is broken between monomers with OH added to one monomer and H+ added to another

Front 62

Carbohydrate

Back 62

hydrophillic organic molecule with the general formula (CH2O)n where n represents the number of carbon atoms

Front 63

What are the simplies carhbohydrates that are monomers called

Back 63

monosaccharides

Front 64

What are the three primary monosaccharides?

Back 64

Glucose, Fructose and Galactose