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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Inorganic Chemistry
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Generally, substances that do not contain carbon
Ex: Water, Oxygen, CO2 and HCO3 Exceptions: CO, CO2, HCO3 |
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Organic Chemistry
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Study of carbon-containing substances. Those that are biologically active are called biochemicals
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Water
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Cohesion and adhesion properties
50-60% of body, 92% of blood High specific heat: large amount of heat required to raise temperature of water Protection-lubricant, cushion Participates in chemical reactions - many reactions take place in water Dehydration and hydrolysis Serves as mixing medium |
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Cohesion and Adhesion
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Water is attracted to other water (cohesion). Water can also be attracted to other materials (adhesion).
The oxygen end of water has a negative charge and the hydrogen end has a positive charge. The hydrogens of one water molecule are attracted to the oxygen from other water molecules. This attractive force is what gives water its cohesive and adhesive properties. |
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Mixture
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Substances physically but not chemically combined
Blood is a mixture, solution and colloid |
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Suspension
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Materials separate unless stirred.
Ex: Sand and water |
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Colloid
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Dispersal of tiny particles through a medium.
Ex: Milk Blood is a mixture, solution and colloid |
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Solution
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Mixture of liquids, gasses or solids that are uniformly distributed and chemically combined
Blood is a mixture, solution and colloid |
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Solvent
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That which dissolves the solute
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Solute
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That which dissolves the solvent
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Concentration
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Measure of number of particles of solute per volume of solution
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Osmolality
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Reflects the number of particles dissolved in one kilogram of water
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What is one osmole equal to?
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Avogadro's number of particles in one kilogram of water
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Milliosmoles
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Unit used by physiologists because of the low concentrations in the human body
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Concentration of body fluids influences what?
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Movement of fluid in and out of cells
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Average mOsm in the human body
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300 mOsm
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Acid
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A proton donor of any substance that releases hydrogen ions
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Base
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A proton acceptor or any substance that binds to or accepts hydrogen ions
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Salt
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A compound consisting of a cation other than a hydrogen ion and an anion other than a hydroxide ion.
Ex: NaCl |
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Buffer
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A solution of a conjugate acid-base pair in which acid and base components occur in similar concentrations
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What does the pH scale refer to?
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The hydrogen ion concentration in a solution
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Neutral
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pH of 7 or equal hydrogen and hydroxide ions
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Acidic
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A greater concentration of hydrogen ions
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Alkaline or basic
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A greater concentration of hydroxide ions
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What is physiologic pH?
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Physiologic pH is 7.4
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What does a buffer do?
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Regulate pH
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Important biological buffers
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Bicarbonate
Phosphates Protein Respiratory and renal mechanisms |
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What is required in the final step in the series of reactions used to extract energy from food?
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Oxygen (O2)
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What is produced during the catabolism of organic compounds?
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Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Carbon Dioxide is a metabolic waste product. Combines with water in plasma and forms H+ thus affecting the acid/base balance |
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Composition of Carbohydrates
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Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
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How are carbohydrates divided?
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Divided into monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
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What is the function of carbohydrates?
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Energy sources and structure
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Composition of lipids
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Composed mostly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Relatively insoluble in water |
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Functions of lipids (name 5)
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Protection
Insulation Physiological regulation Component of cell membranes Energy Source |
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Composition of Proteins
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Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes iodine
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Functions of proteins
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regulate processes
aid transport protection muscle contraction structure energy |
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Composition of nucleic acids
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Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus
EX: ATP, DNA, RNA |
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Main source of energy
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Glucose
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DNA sugar
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Deoxyribose
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RNA sugar
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Ribose
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Carbohydrates: Disaccharides
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Two simple sugars bound together by dehydration
EX: Sucrose, lactose, maltose |
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Carbohydrates: Polysaccharides
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Long chains of many monosaccharides
Storage molecules for monosaccharides and form part of cell surface markers |
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Storage form of energy for animals
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Glycogen
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Storage form of energy for plants
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Starch and cellulose
Starch in food is used as a source of monosaccharides Cellulose in food acts as fiber (bulk) in diet |
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How are lipids broken down in the body?
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Ingested and broken down by hydrolosis
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Fatty acids may be _______ or _________
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Saturated or unsaturated
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Saturated Fats
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Contain all single bonds in the carbon chain, which produces a more rigid structure
EX: Animal fats, coconut/palm oil |
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Unsaturated Fats
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Contains one (mono) or more (poly) double bonds in the carbon chain, wich produces a more relaxed structure
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Trans Fats
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Unsaturated fats that are artificially altered to be more saturated. Are the highest cardiovascular risk
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Lipids: Phospholipids
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Polar (hydrophilic) at one end; nonpolar (hydrophobic) at the other
Function: Important stuctural component of cell membranes |
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Lipids: Eicosanoids
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Derived from fatty acids.
Function: Important regulatory molecules, inflammatory response EX: Thromboxanes, leukotrienes and prostaglandins |
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Lipids: Fat-soluble vitamins
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Non-polar molecules essential for normal functioning, inflammatory response
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Lipids: Steroids
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Cholesterol, bile salts, estrogen, testosterone
Caron atoms arranged in four rings Functions: physiological regulators and component of cell membranes (determines fluidity) Cholesterol synthesizes other steroids |
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Amino Acids
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Building block of protein
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Peptide Bonds
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Covalent bonds formed between amino acids during protein synthesis
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Protein Structure: Primary
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The amino acid sequence. A protein consists of different
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Protein Structure: Secondary
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Results from hydrogen bonding. The hydrogen bonds cause the amino acid chain to form pleated (folded) sheets or helices.
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Protein Structure: Tertiary
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With secondary folding caused by interactions within the polypeptide and its intermediate environment
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Protein Structure: Quaternary
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the relationships between individual subunits
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Enzymes
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Are proteins, lower the activation enery necessary for a reaction to occur; bring reactants into close proximity
Enzyme names usually end in -ase and often have the same word stem at the reactant. EX: A lipid is a reactant for a lipase |
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Induced Fit Hypothesis
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Enzymes change shape to accommodate the shape of specific reactants
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Enzyme Cofactors
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Combine with active site and make nonfunctional enzymes functional.
Not all enzymes require cofactors, such as non-protein structures (inorganic) |
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Nucleotides
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Composed in five-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base and a phosphate
Include the nucleic acids DNA, RNA and ATP |
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DNA-Deoxyribonucleic acid
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Genetic material of cells copied from one generation to next
Composed of 2 strands of nucleotides A-T G-C |
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RNA-Ribonucleic acid
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Four different nucleotides make up organic bases except thymine is replaced with uracil
Responsible for interpreting the code within DNA into the primary structure of proteins |
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ATP - Adenosine Triphosphate
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Energy "currency" of the body
Provides energy for other chemical reactions as anabolism or drive cell processes as muscle contraction All energy-requiring chemical reactions stop when there is inadequate ATP Lots of energy in the bonds between the phosphate groups (symbolized by ~)-breaking these bonds creates energy |
