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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
A. The nervous system, along with the endocrine system, helps to maintain body homeostasis. true or false.
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True
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what are the functions of the nervous system?
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a. Sensory: Uses sensory receptors to monitor changes inside and outside the body
b. Integration: Processes and interprets the sensory input and decides what to do c. Motor: Causes response to changes by activating on effector organs such as muscles and glands |
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what are the basic characteristics of the nervous system.
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a. Responsible for thought, action and emotion
b. Communicates by electrical signals |
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the central nervous system consists of...
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the brain and the spinal cord
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Found outside the CNS, and consists of _____pairs of nerves extending from the brain and _____pairs of nerves extending from the spinal cord with sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) components
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12 pains of nerves extending from the brain
31 pairs of nerves extending from the spinal cord |
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the PNS is subdivided into?
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• Somatic (voluntary) nervous system (SNS)
• Autonomic (involuntary) nervous system (ANS) • Enteric nervous system (ENS) |
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just a statement: The Somatic nervous system (SNS) consists of sensory neurons that conduct impulses from skin, joints, muscles, and special sense receptors (proprioceptors) to the CNS and motor neurons that conduct impulses from the CNS to the skeletal muscle tissue.
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just a statement: c. The Autonomic nervous system (ANS) contains sensory neurons from visceral organs and motor neurons that convey impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle tissue, cardiac muscle tissue, and glands.
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The Motor neurons in the ANS are subdivided into:
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• Sympathetic nervous system: Fight/Flight reactions (Involuntary)
• Parasympathetic nervous system: Rest/Restoration reactions (Involuntary) |
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The ________________ consists of neurons that extend the length of the GI tract
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enteric nervous system
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Sensory neurons of the CNS monitor chemical changes within the GI tract and stretching of its walls. true or false
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false. sensory neurons of the ENS...
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enteric motor neurons govern contraction of GI tract organs, and activity of the GI tract endocrine cells. true or false
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true
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__________ cells are the structural units of the nervous system.
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neurons/nerve cells
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___________ cells function to conduct information (in the form of electrical impulses) from one part of the body to another.
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neurons/nerve cells
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Most neurons/ nerve cells consist of a cell body (soma), many dendrites, and usually a single ______.
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axon
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what are Chromatophilic substances?
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an orderly arrangement of rough ER
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where are most nerve cell bodies located?
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in the CNS and protected by the cranium and the vertebrae
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define nucliei
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groups of nerve/neuron cell bodies located in the CNS
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what are ganglia
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groups of nerve/neuron cell bodies located outside the CNS
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when a dendrite is stimulated what is it called?
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graded potential
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define axon terminal/synaptic knob
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synthesizes, stores and secretes neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. One nerve cell/neuron will only synthesize one type of neurotransmitter (NT) at a time
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define the Synapse/synaptic cleft
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space between the axon terminal and the receptor (another nerve, muscle or an organ). The neurotransmitter is secreted into this space for binding to the receptor site.
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define nerves...
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• NERVES: bundles of axons (with similar functions) located within the PNS
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what is an axon
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a nerve fiber
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what are TRACTS:
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bundles of axons (with similar functions) located within the CNS
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On the basis of the number of processes extending from the cell body, neurons are classified as...
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multipolar, bipolar, and unipolar
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__________________are specialized tissue cells that support neurons, attach neurons to blood vessels, produce vessels, produce myelin sheath around axons, and carry out phagocytosis.
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Neuroglia (glia)
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neuroglia have the ability to divide true or false
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true
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neuroglia propogate nerve impluses. true or false
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false
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what is meylin?
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a lipoprotein that covers the axon and is found primarily on large diameter, long axons.
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what functions to speed conduction velocity and insulate the axons from one another
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mylenation
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what is Node of Ranvier?
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bare gaps formed between the myelin sheaths on a myelinated axon.
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what are the 6 types of neuroglia?
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Found in the CNS
1. Astrocytes: Star shaped, Involved in metabolism (brain and nerves) 2. Oligodendrocytes: Synthesize myelin in the CNS 3. Microglia: Phagocytosis (immunity) in the CNS 4. Ependymal cells: Synthesize and secrete cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) b. Found in the PNS 1. Schwann cells: Synthesize myelin in the PNS 2. Satellite cells: Support the neurons and ganglia in the PNS |
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what are Ependymal cells:
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Ependymal cells: Synthesize and secrete cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)
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what are the two types of neuroglia found in the PNS
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b. Found in the PNS
1. Schwann cells: Synthesize myelin in the PNS 2. Satellite cells: Support the neurons and ganglia in the PNS |
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what are schwann cells
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Synthesize myelin in the PNS
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what is microglia?
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Phagocytosis (immunity) in the CNS
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where are schwann cells found?
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the PNS
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what is Salutatory Conduction
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is the “jumping” of the action potential from node of Ranvier to node of Ranvier. This speeds up the conduction velocity, and is due to myelination on the axon.
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An unmyelinated axon is much slower because the action potential must occur down the entire length of an axon. true or false
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true
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An unmyelinated axon is much slower because the action potential must occur down the entire length of an axon. true or false
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true
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Refractory Period:
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the time during which another action potential cannot occur
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a ___________ is the functional junction between one neuron and another or between a neuron and an effector (muscle /gland)
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synapse
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fact - At a chemical synapse, there is only one-way information transfer from presynaptic neuron to a postsynaptic neuron
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fact - Neurotransmitters at chemical synapses cause an excitatory or inhibitory graded potential.
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An excitatory neurotransmitter is one that can ____________the postsynaptic neuron’s membrane, bringing the membrane potential closer to threshold, this is termed an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
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depolarize
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An inhibitory neurotransmitter ___________the membrane of the postsynaptic neuron, making the inside more negative and generating of a nerve impulse more difficult, this is termed an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
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hyperpolarizes
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Both excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters are present in the CNS and ENS. true or false
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false
are present in the CNS and PNS |
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the neurotransmitter Glutamate is associated with memory or perception,,,choose one
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Glutamate: associated with memory
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what neurotransmitter is involved in pain relief
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endorphins
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Epinephrine and Norepinephrine use a chemical called...
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catecholamine
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