Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 1 Organization Of The Body 6Th Edition Thibdeau Patton

Front 1

Body Planes

Back 1

There are 3 major body planes that lie at right angles to each other.

Front 2

Cells

Back 2

Are the smallest & most numerous units that possess & exhibit the basic characteristics of living matter

Front 3

Dissection

Back 3

Cutting it apart. Remains a principal technique used to isolate and study the structural components or parts of the human body.

Front 4

Homeostasis

Back 4

The relatively constant states maintained by the body.

Standing or staying the same.

Front 5

Hypothesis

Back 5

Idea or principle to be tested in experiments.

Front 6

Metabolism

Back 6

Each characteristic of life is related to the sum total of all the phsical and chemical reactions occurring in the body.

Front 7

Negative feedback

Back 7

Negative feedback control systems are inhibitory. They oppose a change.

Front 8

Organ

Back 8

Organization of several different kinds of tissues to perform a special function. Organs represent discrete & functionally complex operational units.

Front 9

Organism

Back 9

More than the sum of its parts. An integrated assemblage of interactive structures that is able to survive and flourish in an often hostile environment.Self organizing

Front 10

Physiology

Back 10

Deals with body function - that is, how the body parts work to support.

Front 11

Somatotype

Back 11

A term used to describe a particular category of body build or physique.

Front 12

Endomorph

Back 12

Heavy, rounded physique characterized by large accumulations of fat in the truck and thighs.

Front 13

Mesomorph

Back 13

Muscular physique

Front 14

Ectomorph

Back 14

Thin, fragile physique characterized by little body fat accumulation

Front 15

Structure

Back 15

Structure determines function, and function influences the actual anatomy of an organism over time.

Front 16

Systems

Back 16

Are the most complex of the organizational units of the body. There are 10 systems.

Front 17

Tissue

Back 17

An organization of similar cells specialized to perform a certain function. Tissue cells surrounded by non living matrix.

Front 18

Characteristics of life that are considered most important in humans.

Back 18

Responsiveness, conductivity, growth, respiration, digestion, absorption, secretion, excretion, circulation, reproduction.

Front 19

Describe how science develops new principles.

Back 19

The scientific method. Initial observation or results from other experiments may lead to the formation of a new hypothesis. As more testing is performed to eliminate outside influences or biases & ensure consistent results, scientists begin to have more confidence in the principle and call it a theory or law.

Front 20

List the ways physiology can be subdivided as a scientific discipline.

Back 20

1 the type of organism involved, ie human or plant physiology. 2- organizational level, ie molecular or cellular physiology. 3- specific or systemic function being studied, ie neurophysiology, respiratory or cardiovascular physiology.

Front 21

Discuss the term metabolism as it applies to the characteristics of life

Back 21

Each characteristic of life is related to sum total of all the physical and chemical reactions occurring in the body.

Front 22

List the levels of organization of the human body.

Back 22

Chemical, organelle, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism.

Front 23

Identify organelles.

Back 23

Mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum.

Front 24

List the major tissue types.

Back 24

Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous.

Front 25

List the major organ systems.

Back 25

Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive.

Front 26

Give and example of how the chemical macromolecule DNA can have an influence on body structure.

Back 26

It directs the differentiation of specialized cells in the lungs during development so that they can effectively contribute to respiratory function.

Front 27

Discuss how structure relates to function at the tissue level of organization in the respiratory system.

Back 27

Structures of the respiratory tubes & lungs assist in efficient & rapid movement of air & also make possible the exchange of critical respiratory gases such as o2 & co2 between the air in the lungs & the blood.

Front 28

Contrast each superior/inferior, anterior/posterior, medial/lateral, dorsal/ventral

Back 28

towards the top - towards the bottom, front and back, towards the center - towards the sides, along the vertebral surface on back - along the belly surface on the front

Front 29

Identify how anatomical left is different from you left.

Back 29

Anatomical left is on the right side of the body because the body is facing forward.

Front 30

List and define the major planes that are used to divide the body into parts.

Back 30

Sagittal - a lengthwise plane running from F to B; divides the body or any parts into R & L. Coronal a lw plane running from side 2 side, divides A to P. Transverse a crosswise plane body or parts into upper or lower

Front 31

Explain the anatomical rosette in anatomical illustrations.

Back 31

A helpful diagram of the planes & direction of the body

Front 32

Discuss how a person's body type might influence their their health risks.

Back 32

The knowledge of physique can provide professionals w/ vital info useful in such areas as disease screening procedures, programs designed to identify individuals at risk for certain diseases.

Front 33

List the basic components of every feedback control system.

Back 33

Sensor
Integrating or control center
Effector mechanism
Feedback

Front 34

Explain the mechanism of action of negative & positive control systems.

Back 34

Negative feedback control system are inhibitory, while positive feedback systems are stimulatory & does not help the body maintain a stable condition????

Front 35

Hormones

Back 35

Specific chemical messengers.

Front 36

The name used to describe the study of the body that consider groups of organs that have a common function.

Back 36

Systemic anatomy.

Front 37

Molecules

Back 37

Combinations of atoms forming larger chemical aggregates.

Front 38

The dorsal cavity contains the:

Back 38

Brain & spinal cord.

Front 39

The ventral body cavity contains the:

Back 39

Thoracic & abdominopelvic cavities

Front 40

The axial portion of the body consists of:

Back 40

Head, neck, and torso.

Front 41

Name the 2 major body cavities.

Back 41

Ventral and Dorsal

Front 42

The ventral cavity includes the:

Back 42

thoracic or chest cavity & the abdominopelvic cavity.

Front 43

The thoracic cavity includes:

Back 43

A right & left pleural cavity & a midportion called the mediastinum.

Front 44

The abdominopelvic cavity contains:

Back 44

An upper portion, the abdominal cavity & a lower portion, the pelvic cavity.

Front 45

The dorsal cavity includes;

Back 45

The spinal and cranial cavities.

Front 46

The body as a whole can be subdivided into two major portions or components, what are they? & what do they consist of?

Back 46

Axial - head, neck, & torso or trunk.
Appendicular - the upper and lower extremities and their connections to the axial portion.

Front 47

Name the Abdominal Regions?

Back 47

1 Rt hypochondriac, 2 Epigastric 3 lft hypochondriac, 4 rt lumbar 5 umbilical 6 lft lumbar 7 rt iliac (inguinal) 8 hypogastric 9 lft iliac (inguinal) regions.

Front 48

What are the principle organs & their primary functions of the Integumentary system.

Back 48

Skin - Protection, temperature regulation, sensation.

Front 49

What are the principle organs & their primary functions of the Skeletal system.

Back 49

Bones, ligaments - Support, protection, movement, mineral & fat storage, blood production.

Front 50

What are the principle organs & their primary functions of the Muscular system.

Back 50

Skeletal muscles, tendons - Movement, posture, heat production.

Front 51

What are the principle organs & their primary functions of the Nervous system?

Back 51

Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs - Control, regulation, & coordination of other systems, sensation, memory.

Front 52

What are the principle organs & their primary functions of the Endocine system?

Back 52

Pituitary gland, adrenals, pancreas, thyroid, parathyroids, and other glands - Control & regulation of other systems.

Front 53

What are the principle organs & their primary functions of the Cardiovascular system?

Back 53

Heart, arteries, veins, capillaries. - Exchange & transport of materials

Front 54

What are the principle organs & their primary functions of the Lymphatic system?

Back 54

Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, spleen, thymus, tonsils - Immunity, fluid balance

Front 55

What are the principle organs & their primary functions of the Respiratory system?

Back 55

Lungs, bronchial tree, trachea, larynx, nasal cavity - Gas exchange, acid-base balance

Front 56

What are the principle organs & their primary functions of the Digestive system?

Back 56

Stomach, small & large intestines, esophagus, liver, mouth, pancreas - Breakdown & absorption of nutrients, elimination of waste

Front 57

What are the principle organs & their primary functions of the Urinary system?

Back 57

Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra - Excretion of waste, fluid & electrolyte balance, acid base balance

Front 58

What are the principle organs & their primary functions of the Reproductive system?

Back 58

Male testes, val deferens prostrate seminal vesicles penis. female ovaries fallopian tubes, uterus vagina breasts - reproduction, continuity of genetic info, nurturing of offspring

Front 59

Ipsilateral

Back 59

on the same side of the body

Front 60

Contralateral

Back 60

on the opposite side of body

Front 61

Pathology

Back 61

The study of disease.

Front 62

Pathophysiology

Back 62

The organized study of the underlying physiological processes associated with disease.

Front 63

When referring to Disease terminology define signs.

Back 63

are objective abnormalities that can be seen or measured by someone other than the patient.

Front 64

When referring to Disease terminology define symptoms.

Back 64

the subjective abnormalities that are felt only by the patient.

Front 65

When referring to Disease terminology define syndrome.

Back 65

is a collection of different signs & symptoms that occur together.

Front 66

When referring to Disease terminology define acute.

Back 66

When signs and symptoms appear suddenly, persist for a short time, and then disappear.

Front 67

When referring to Disease terminology define chronic.

Back 67

diseases that develop slowly and last for a long time ( perhaps for life)

Front 68

When referring to Disease terminology define etiology.

Back 68

The study of all the factors involved in causing a disease.

Front 69

When referring to Disease terminology define idiopathic.

Back 69

diseases with undetermined causes.

Front 70

When referring to Disease terminology define pathogenesis.

Back 70

the actual pattern of a disease's development.

Front 71

When referring to Disease terminology define incubation.

Back 71

When a cold virus establishes itself in the patient., Also known as latent.

Front 72

When referring to Disease terminology define Epidemiology.

Back 72

The study of the occurrence, distribution and transmission of diseases in human populations.

Front 73

When referring to Disease terminology define epidemic.

Back 73

A disease that is native to a local region.

Front 74

When referring to Disease terminology define pandemics.

Back 74

Are epidemics that affect large geographic regions, perhaps spreading worldwide.

Front 75

Genetic mechanisms

Back 75

Altered or mutated genes can cause abnormal proteins to be made.

Front 76

Pathogenic organisms

Back 76

Organisms or particles that damage the body in some way.

Front 77

Prions

Back 77

Proteins that convert normal proteins of the nervous system into abnormal proteins, thereby causing loss of nervous system function.

Front 78

Viruses

Back 78

Intracellular parasites that consist of a DNA or RNA core surrounded by a protein coat &, sometimes, a lipoprotein envelope.

Front 79

Bacteria

Back 79

Tiny, primitive cells that lack nuclei. They cause infection by parasitizing tissues or otherwise disrupting normal function.

Front 80

Fungi

Back 80

Simple organisms similar to plants but lack the chlorophyll pigments that allow plants to make their own food. bucuz thy cant make own food, fungi must parasitize other tissues, including those fo the human body.

Front 81

Mechanisms of disease - Protozoa

Back 81

Are protists, one-celled organisms larger than bacteria whose DNA is organized into a nucleus, Many types of protozoa parasitize human tissues.

Front 82

Mechanisms of disease - Pathogenic animals.

Back 82

Are large, multicellular organisms such as insects & worms, Such animals can parasitize heman tissues, bite or sting, or otherwise disrupt normal body function.

Front 83

Mechanisms of disease - Tumors and Cancer

Back 83

Abnormal tissue growths, or neoplasms, can cause various physiological disturbances.

Front 84

Mechanisms of disease - Physical & chemical agents.

Back 84

Agents such as toxic or destructive chemicals, extreme heat or cold, mechanical injury and radiation can each affect the normal homeostasis of the body.

Front 85

Mechanisms of disease - Malnutrition

Back 85

Insufficient or imbalanced intake of nutrients causes various diseases.

Front 86

Mechanisms of disease - Autoimmunity

Back 86

Some diseases result from the immune system attacking ones own body or from other mistakes or overreactions of the immune response, literally self-immunity

Front 87

Mechanisms of disease - Inflamation

Back 87

a normal mechanism that usually speeds recovery from an infection or injury but when this happens at inappropriate time or prolonged normal tissues may become damaged.

Front 88

Mechanisms of disease - Degeneration

Back 88

By means of many still unknown processes, tissues sometimes break apart or degenerate.

Front 89

Mechanisms of disease - risk factors

Back 89

Genetic factors, age, Lifestyle, stress, environmental, microorganism, preexisting conditions.