Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 1

Front 1

the study of structure and relationships among structures

Back 1

Anatomy

Front 2

the study of the functions of body parts

Back 2

Physiology

Front 3

atoms and molecules in the body

Back 3

chemical level

Front 4

basic structural and functional unit of an organism

Back 4

cellular level

Front 5

groups of cell and the materials surrounding them, that work together to perform a common function

Back 5

tissue level

Front 6

two or more type of tissues that are organized for a certain function and usually have a reconizable shape

Back 6

organ level

Front 7

related organs that have a common function

Back 7

system level

Front 8

the individual

Back 8

organismal level

Front 9

- returns proteins and fluid to blood
- carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood
- protects against disease causing microbes

Back 9

lymphatic system & immunity

Front 10

- achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food
- absobs nutrients
- eliminates solid wastes

Back 10

digestive system

Front 11

- produces, stores, and eliminates urine
- eliminates waste, regulates volume and chemical composition of blood
- helps maintain acid-base balance
- maintains mineral balance
- helps regulate production of blood cells

Back 11

urinary system

Front 12

-heart pumps blood through blood vessels
- blood carries O2 & nutrients to cells & CO2 and wastes away
- helps regulate acid-base balance, temperature and water content of body fluids
- blood components help defend against disease and mend damage vessels

Back 12

cardiovascular system

Front 13

- gonads produce gametes that unite to form a new organism
- glands release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes
- associated organs transport and store gametes

Back 13

reproductive system

Front 14

- transfers O2 from inhaled air to blood and CO2 from blood to exhaled air
- helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluids
- air flowing out of lungs thru vocal cords produce sounds

Back 14

respiratory system

Front 15

- protects the body
- helps regulate body temperature
- eliminates some wastes
- helps make Vitamin D
- detects sensations - touch, pain, cold, warmth

Back 15

integumentary system

Front 16

- generates action potentials (impulses) to regulate body activities
- detects changes in internal/external environment, interprets, & responds by causing muscular contractions or gland secretions

Back 16

nervous system

Front 17

- supports and protects the body
- provides a surface area for muscle attachment
- aids body movement
- houses cells that produce blood
- stores minirals & lipids

Back 17

skeletal system

Front 18

- produces body movements
- stabilizes body position
- generates heat

Back 18

muscular system

Front 19

- regulates body activities by releasing chemical hormones which are chemical messengers transported in blood from gland to target organ

Back 19

endocrine system

Front 20

- touching body surfaces with the hands (e.g. enlarged liver).

Back 20

Palpation

Front 21

- listening to body sounds, often with a stethoscope (e.g. wheezing in chest).

Back 21

Auscultation

Front 22

- examiner taps on the body’s surface and listens to the echo (e.g. fluid in chest).

Back 22

Percussion

Front 23

- the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body.

Back 23

Metabolism

Front 24

- the ability to detect and react to external and internal changes.

Back 24

Responsiveness

Front 25

- includes motion of whole body and its parts, down to structures within cells.

Back 25

Movement

Front 26

- increase in body size; due to increase in number and/or size of cells, or material found between cells.

Back 26

Growth

Front 27

- unspecialized cells called stem cells change to become more specialized.

Back 27

Differentiation

Front 28

- production of new cells or new individuals.

Back 28

Reproduction

Front 29

- the condition in which the body’s internal environment remains relatively constant, within normal limits.

Back 29

Homeostasis

Front 30

fluid within cells

Back 30

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

Front 31

- fluid outside of cells

Back 31

Extracellular fluid

Front 32

- fluid in spaces between cells in a tissue.

Back 32

Interstitial fluid (tissue fluid)

Front 33

- fluid within blood vessels.

Back 33

Plasma

Front 34

- fluid within lymphatic vessels.

Back 34

Lymph

Front 35

- fluid in and around brain and spinal cord

Back 35

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Front 36

- monitors conditions in the body, sends this information to a central control region and produces any needed response.

Back 36

Feedback system

Front 37

- monitors a controlled condition and sends information to the control center.

Back 37

Receptor

Front 38

- receives the information about the status of a controlled condition and determines the correct course of action.

Back 38

Control center

Front 39

- receives information from the control center and produces a response.

Back 39

Effector

Front 40

- produces a response that reverses or counteracts the original stimulus. Tend to be systems that require frequent monitoring and adjustment.

Back 40

Negative feedback system

Front 41

- produces a response that enhances or intensifies the original stimulus (change).

Back 41

Positive feedback system

Front 42

- any abnormality of a structure or function, it can be quite general.

Back 42

Disorder

Front 43

- a specific illness characterized by certain signs or symptoms.

Back 43

Disease

Front 44

- Science that deals with the why, when and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted.

Back 44

Epidemiology

Front 45

- the science or skill of distinguishing between different disorders or diseases.

Back 45

Diagnosis

Front 46

- subjective changes that are not apparent to the observer (e.g. abdominal pain)

Back 46

Symptoms

Front 47

- objective changes in a patient that can be observed and measured. (e.g. fever)

Back 47

Signs

Front 48

- is a standard position of the body that allows consistent anatomical references for the observer. In this position the subject (e.g. patient) stands erect with their feet flat on the floor and directed forward and the arms are placed at the sides with the palms turned forward.

Back 48

Anatomical position

Front 49

- body is lying anterior side down (face down).

Back 49

Prone Position

Front 50

- body is lying anterior side up (facing up).

Back 50

Supine position

Front 51

- toward the head or upper part of a structure.

Back 51

Superior

Front 52

- toward the lower part of a structure, or away from head.

Back 52

Inferior

Front 53

- a structure is nearer to the front of the body.

Back 53

Anterior (ventral)

Front 54

- nearer to the back of the body.

Back 54

Posterior (dorsal)

Front 55

- nearer to the midline of the body.

Back 55

Medial (median)

Front 56

- toward the side, or farther from the midline.

Back 56

Lateral

Front 57

- between two other structures.

Back 57

Intermediate

Front 58

- on the same side of the body.

Back 58

Ipsilateral

Front 59

- on opposite sides of the body.

Back 59

Contralateral

Front 60

- nearer to the point of attachment of a limb, nearer to the origin.

Back 60

Proximal

Front 61

- farther from the point of attachment or the point of origin.

Back 61

Distal

Front 62

- toward or on the surface of the body.

Back 62

Superficial

Front 63

- Away from the surface of the body.

Back 63

Deep

Front 64

- a vertical plane that divides the body, or an organ, into right and left sides.

Back 64

Sagittal plane

Front 65

- passes through the midline and cuts into equal halves.

Back 65

Midsagittal plane

Front 66

- does not pass through the midline and cuts body into unequal halves.

Back 66

Parasagittal plane

Front 67

- a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.

Back 67

Frontal (coronal) plane

Front 68

(cross section) A horizontal plane that divides the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) planes

Back 68

Transverse plane

Hint 68

None

Front 69

- passes through body at an acute (and obtuse) angle to the other planes.

Back 69

Oblique plane

Front 70

- located near the back (posterior) surface of the body. It is lined by three membranes called the meninges.

Back 70

Dorsal body cavity

Front 71

- is located in the head and contains the brain.

Back 71

Cranial cavity

Front 72

- is in the backbone and contains the spinal cord.

Back 72

Vertebral (spinal) canal

Front 73

- located on the front (anterior) and contains the organs called viscera. It consists of:

Back 73

Ventral body cavity

Front 74

- occurs above the diaphragm and contains the heart, lungs, esophagus, trachea, and thymus.

Back 74

Thoracic body cavity

Front 75

-there are two of these and each surrounds a lung.

Back 75

Pleural cavities

Front 76

- is located in between the lungs and surrounds the heart.

Back 76

Pericardial cavity

Front 77

- is a broad mass of tissue extending between the lungs from the sternum to the vertebral column. It consists of the heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus gland, and large vessels.

Back 77

Mediastinum

Front 78

- is located below the diaphragm and contains the organs of the abdominal and pelvic cavities.

Back 78

Abdominopelvic cavity

Front 79

- is the superior part of the abdominopelvic cavity and contains the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine and most of the large intestine.

Back 79

Abdominal cavity

Front 80

- the inferior part of the abdominopelvic cavity and it contains the urinary bladder and internal reproductive organs, and part of large intestine. The kidneys, adrenal glands, and pancreas are behind the peritoneum and therefore are not considered to be within these cavities.

Back 80

Pelvic cavity

Front 81

- these consist of parietal membranes that line these cavities and visceral membranes that cover the organs (viscera) within them.

Back 81

Ventral cavity membranes

Front 82

- the serous membranes surrounding the lungs

Back 82

Pleura

Front 83

- the serous membranes surrounding the heart.

Back 83

Pericardium

Front 84

- the serous membranes of the abdominopelvic cavity

Back 84

Peritoneum

Front 85

is the space between the visceral and parietal peritoneum.

Back 85

peritoneal cavity

Front 86

- upper middle abdominal region.

Back 86

Epigastric

Hint 86

None

Front 87

- upper right abdominal.

Back 87

Right hypochondriac

Hint 87

None

Front 88

-upper left abdominal region

Back 88

Left hypochondriac

Hint 88

None

Front 89

- center abdominal region.

Back 89

Umbilical region

Hint 89

None

Front 90

- to the right of the center abdominal region.

Back 90

Right lumbar

Hint 90

None

Front 91

- to the left of the center abdominal region

Back 91

Left lumbar

Hint 91

None

Front 92

- lower middle abdominal region.

Back 92

Hypogastric (pubic or suprapubic)

Hint 92

None

Front 93

- lower right abdominal region.

Back 93

Right Inguinal (iliac)

Hint 93

None

Front 94

- lower left abdominal region

Back 94

Left Inguinal (iliac)

Hint 94

None

Front 95

(RUQ)

Back 95

Right Upper Quadrant

Front 96

(LUQ)

Back 96

Left Upper Quadrant

Front 97

(RLQ)

Back 97

Right Lower Quadrant.

Front 98

(LLQ)

Back 98

Left Lower Quadrant

Front 99

- Especially useful for observing bone or dense structures.

Back 99

Radiography or X Ray

Front 100

- Relatively safe and especially used to distinguish abnormal tissues (e.g. tumors, plaques in arteries, brain abnormalities) and to measure blood flow.

Back 100

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Hint 100

None

Front 101

- gives better view of soft tissues and organs than radiography, can produce 3-D view.

Back 101

Computed tomography (CT, formerly called CAT scan)

Hint 101

None

Front 102

- Since it is safe, noninvasive, painless, and uses no dyes; it is typically used to view the fetus during pregnancy. Also to view structure and actions of organs, and blood flow in vessels.

Back 102

Ultrasound scanning (Sonography)

Front 103

-used to view metabolic activity in various organs.

Back 103

Positron emission tomography (PET) and Radionuclide scanning

Hint 103

None

Front 104

- visually examines (using lighted scope) inside of body organs or cavities.

Back 104

Endoscopy