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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
chemisty
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the science that deals with the structure of matter
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matter
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anything that takes up space and has mass
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mass
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a physical property that determines the weight of an object in Earth's gravitational field
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atom
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smallest stable unit of matter
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subatomic particles
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make up an atom: proton, neutron, electron
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proton
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(p+) subatomic particle with positive charge, found in nucleus
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neutron
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(n or n0) subatomic particle that is electrically neutral, located in nucleus
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neutral
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uncharged
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electrons
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(e-) subatomic partical with negative charge, found in electron shell
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atomic number
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the number of protons in an atom
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hyrdrogen
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simplest atom
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electron cloud
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part of atom contains electrons orbiting around the nucleus
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electron shell
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2D representation of electron cloud
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electrical force
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attraction between opposite electrical charges
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nanometers
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10^-9 meters
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elements
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all the atoms that have the same number of protons and thus the same atomic number
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natrium
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Latin word for sodium
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periodic table
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ggives chemical symbols and atomic numnbers of each element
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trace elements
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present in small amounts
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isotopes
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atoms whose nuclei contain the same number of protons but different number of neutrons
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mass number
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total number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus
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radioisotopes
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isotopes with nuclei that spontaneously emit subatomic particles or radiation in measurable amounts
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decay
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emission process of radioisotopes
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half-life
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the time required for half of a given amount of a radioisotope to decay
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oxygen
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atom with an atomic numnber of eight with eight protons and eight neutrons
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atomic weight
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actual mass of an atom
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dalton
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unit used to express the atomic weight
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atomic mass unit
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amu, dalton
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mole
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a quantity with a weight in grams equal to that element's atomic weight
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avogadro's number
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6.023x10^-23 number of atoms in a mole
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energy levels
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shells of the electron cloud
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helium
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two electrons in ts first energy level, so very stable
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lithium
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three electrons, 2 in first energy level, 1 in second, very reactive
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neon
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atomic number of 10, second energy level filled, very stable
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inert
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elements that do not readily participate in chemical processes
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inert gases
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gases whose atoms neither react with one another nor combine with atoms of other elements
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reactive
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readily interact or combine with other atoms
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chemical bonds
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hold participating atoms together once the reaction has ended
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molecule
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any chemical structure consisting of atoms held togehther by covalent bonds
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compound
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chemical structure that contains two or more elements
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chemical notation
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universal system used by chemists to designate elements and compounds, etc
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ion
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an atom or molecule that has a charge
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cation
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ion with positive charge
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anion
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ion with negative charge
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ionic bonds
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chemical bonds created by the electrical attraction between anions and cations
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electron donor
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loses one or more elctrons and bcomes a cation, with a positive (+) charge
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electron acceptor
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gains electrons and becomes an anion, with a negative (-) charge
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sodium ion
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+1 charge
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chloride ion
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(Cl-), -1 charge
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ionic compound
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combination of ions
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sodium chloride
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table salt
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covalent bond
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atoms complete their outer electron shells by sharing electrons with other atoms
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single covalent bond
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(--) sharing of one pair of electrons
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double covalent bond
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sharing of two pairs of electrons (=)
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carbon dioxide
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(CO2) generally produced as a waste product of chemical processes that consume oxygen
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free radical
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ion or molecule that contains unpaired electrons in its outermost energyy level
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nitric oxide
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(NO) free readical that has important functions in the body
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nonpolar covalent bonds
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covalent bond involving equal sharing of electrons
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polar covalent bond
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unequal sharing of electrons
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hydrogen bonds
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most important of the weak attractive forces, attraction between a &+ on the H atom of a polar covalent bond and a &- on an O or N atom of another polar covalent bond
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surface tension
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a barrier that keeps small objects from entering the water
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solids
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maintain volume and shape at ordinary temperatures and pressures
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liquids
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constant volume but no fixed shape
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has
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neither a constant volume nor a fixed shape
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molecular weight
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tthe sum of a molecule's atom's atomic weights
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chemical reaction
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new chemical bonds form between atoms or existing bonds between atoms are broken
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reactants
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atoms in the reacting substances
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products
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different substances, result of a chemical reaction
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metabolism
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all the chemical reactions that occur in an organism
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work
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movement or a change in the physical structure of matter
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energy
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the capacity to perform work
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kinetic energy
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the energy of motion
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potential energy
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stored energy
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heat
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an increase in random molecular motion
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decomposition
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a reaction that breaks a molecule into smaller fragments
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hydrolysis
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one of the bonds in a complex molecule is broken and the components of a water molecuule (H and OH) are added the the resulting fragments
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catabolism
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thhe decommposition of molecules within cells
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synthesis
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assembles larger molecules from smaller components
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dehydration synthesis
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condensation, the formation of a complex molecule by the removal of water
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anabolism
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the synthesis of new compounds within the body
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exchange reaction
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parts of the reacting molecules are shuffled around
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exergonic
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reactions that release energy
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endergonic
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reactions that absorb energy
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equilibrium
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the rates at which the 2 equations proceed are in balance
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activation energy
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the amount of energy required to start a reaction
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enzymes
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promote chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy requirements
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catalysts
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compounds that accelerate chemical reactions without themselves being permanently changed or consumed
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nutrients
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the essental elements and molecules normally obtained from the diet
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metabolites
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include all the molecules synthesized or broken down by chemical reaactions inside our bodies
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inorganic compounds
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generally do not contain carbon and hydrogen atoms as the primary structural ingredients
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organic compounds
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basis always formed by C and H
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carbon dioxide
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a byproduct of cell metabolism
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oxygen
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an atomospheric gas required in important metabolic reactions
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water
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accounts for most of our body weight
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inorganic acids, bases, and salts
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compounds held together partially or completely by ionic bonds
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solution
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uniform mixture of two or more substances
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solvent
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the medium in which other atoms, ions, or molecules are dispersed
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solutes
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the despersed substnaces
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aqueous solution
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water is the solvent
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heat capacity
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the ability to absorb and retain heat
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