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139 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
anatomy & physiology
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anatomy- deals w/ structures of body parts, -forms and organizations
physiology- functions of body parts-what they do and how they do it function of part depends on way it is constructed |
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levels of organization and 2 that have life
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atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
*cell & organism |
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10 characteristics of life
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1.Movement- change in body position, motion of organs
2. Responsiveness-sensing or reacting to internal or external changes 3.Growth- increase in body size, w/o change in shape 4. Reproduction- production offspring 5. Respiration-obtaining O2, using O2 to release E from foods, removing gasesous wastes 6. Digestion-breakdown of food sub. into forms to be absorped 7.Absorption-passage of sub. through membranes into body fluids 8.Circulation-movement of substances in body fluids 9.Assimilation-changing of absorbed sub. into chemically different forms 10.Excretion removal of waiste from metabolism |
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5 requirements of organisms
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1.h20-for met. processes, medium for met reactions, trans sub, reg body temp
2. food- supply E and raw materials for prod of necc. sub, reg vital reactions 3.o2- release E from food sub, drives met reactions 4.Heat-reg rates of metabolic reactions 5. Pressure- application of force, atmospheric for breathing, hydrostatic to help circ blood |
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homeostasis
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-bodies maintance of a stable internal environment
-most of met E spent on it |
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homeostatic mechanisms
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1.Receptors- provide info about specific conditions in internal envirn.
2.Control center-has set pt, tells what particular value should be 3.Effectors-(ex.muscles/glands-cause responses that alterconditions in internal environ. inlcude those tha regulate body temp, BP,Blood glucose |
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Metabolism
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acquistion & utilization of E by an organism
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negative feedback loop
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process of homeostatic mech to detect changes, activate effectors to return conditions to normal and reg homeostasis
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axial portion
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head, kneck and trunk
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appendicular portion
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upper and lower limbs
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dorsal cavity
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cranial cavity-brain
vertebral cavity-spinal cord, & surrounded by sectionsof back bone |
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ventral cavity
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1.thoracic cavity-heart&lungs
2.abdominopelvic cavity-ab-sm&lg intestines, somtach pelvic-urinary,genitals,ends of dig system |
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what seperates thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?
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diaphram-broad thin muscle
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mediastinum
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region btwn lungs
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serous membranes
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line walls of thoracic and abdominal cavities, fold back to cover organs in these cavities, secrete serous fluid that sep the layer linging the wall from layer covering oragan
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parietal serous membranes
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lines walls, secrete serous fluid
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visceral serous membranes
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covers oragans, secretes serous fluids
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pleural membranes
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line thoracic cavities & cover lungs
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viscera
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organs w/in a body cavity
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pericardial membranes
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surround heart and cover its surface
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pleural & pericardial cavities
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potential spaces btwn membranes
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peritoneal membranes
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line abdominopelvic cavity & cover its organs
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11 main body systems
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integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous,endocrine,digestive,respitory, cardiovascular,lymphatic,urinary, reproductive
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integumentary system
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covers body,-skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, &sebacious glands, protects underlying tissue, regulates body temp, has sens receptors, synthesizes substances
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skeletal system
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bones, ligaments, cartilage that bind bones together, framework, protective shield, attachements for muscles
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muscular system
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muscles of body-body movement, maintains posture, produces heat
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nervous system
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brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs-receives impulse from sensory parts interprets them, acts on them stimulating muscles or glands to respond
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endocrine system
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glands-secretes hormones that help reg met. by stimulating target tissues includes pituitary, thyroid, adrenal ovaires, testes, thymus etc
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digestive system
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receives food, breaks down nutrients that can pass through cell membranes eliminates materials not absorbed-mouth, tongue, esophagus, stomach etc
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respitory system
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takes in and release air & exchanges gases btwn blood and air - lungs trachea, bronchi
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cardiovascular system
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heart-pumps blood, blood vessels-carry blood to and from body parts, trnasports O2,nutrientsm hormones and waiste
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lymphatic system
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lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes,thymus, spleen- immune system
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urinary system
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kindeys, ureters, bladdre, urethra-filters waiste from blood,maintain fluid and electrolyte balance
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reproductive system
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enables organism to reproduce
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superior
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above another part, closer to head
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inferior
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below another part, closer to feet
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anterior
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toward front
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posterior
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toward back
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medial
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relates to imaginary midline dividing body into equal right and left halves, medial if closer to this line that another part(nose medial to eyes)
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lateral
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toward side w/ respect to imaginary line (ears lateral to eyes)
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ipsalateral
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pertains to same side
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contralateral
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refers to opp side
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proximal
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closer to trunk of body or closer to another part than another (elbow proxiaml to wrist but not toe)
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distal
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part is farther from trunk or spec other part (toes distal to elbow)
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superfical
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near surface
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peripheral
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outward or near surface, describes location of certain blood vessels and nerves
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deep
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more internal
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sagittal
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lengthwise cut that divides the body into right and left portions
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transverse
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cut that divides body into superior and inferior portions
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coronal
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divides body into anterior and posterior
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4 body regions
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1.right upper quadrant-RUQ
2.Left upper quadrant-LUQ 3.Right lower quadrant-RLQ Left lower quadrant-LLQ |
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matter
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anything that has weight and takes up space
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ch2 start:
biochemistry |
chemistry of living organisms
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element
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naturally occuring matter is made up of 92 elements
occur most frequently in compounds,and are composed of atoms |
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atoms
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smallest complete units of elements that has properties of that element atoms of diff elements vary in size, weight and ways of interacting
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compound
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elements that are part of chemical combinations
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bulk element
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elements the body needs in lg amounts- O, H,C,N, S,P - make up more than95% of body
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trace elements
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elements required by body in sm amounts
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ultra trace elements
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elements required by the body in sm amounts that in lg amounts may be toxic-arenic
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atomic structure
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atom has central nucleus, 1 or more elctron that constantly moves around nucleus, nucleus has protons and neutrons
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whats in nucleus of H?
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only i proton...no neutron
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proton
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relatively lg particle in nucleus, has positive charge & equal weight as neutrons in nucleus
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complete atom
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electrically neutral
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electron
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almost no weight, negative electrical charge, is in constant motion around nucleus, largley determines how atoms will interact w/ each other
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neutron
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particle w/ about same weight as a P, no charge-neutral, found in nucleus
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ion
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particle that is elctrically charge because it has gained or loss at least one or more electrons
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molecule
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particel formed by union of two or more atoms
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atomic #
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= to # of protons in each atom
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atomic weight
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= to # of protons + # of neutrons in each atom
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isotope
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atoms w/ same atomic #, but diff atomic weight due to differing #'s of neutrons, all isotopes of an element chemically react in the same manner, some isotopes are radioactive and release atomic radiation
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molecular formula
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represents the #'s and kinds of atoms in a molecule
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if atoms of the same and different elements combine what happens?
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same combine- produce molecule of that element
different combine- form molecules of substances called compounds |
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bonds
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when atoms combine w/ other atoms as a result of interactions btwn their electrons
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electron shells
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found around nucleus,
1st holds 2, 2nd holds 8, 3rd holds 8, w/ lower energy levels filled first, # in outer shell determines whether it will react with another atom |
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atomic reactions & octet rule
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react in a way that leaves outer most shell completly filled, acheiving more stable structure known as octet rule
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inert atoms
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have outermost electron shell filled and therefore are inactive
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what happens when lose and gain electrons
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lose- become +
gain- become - |
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ionic bonds vs covalent bonds
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ionic- when ions of opp charges attract and join- when Na loses an electron to Cl and they attract
covalent- when atoms bond by sharing electrons- when 2 H atoms share a pair of elctrons |
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polar bond
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=# of protons & electrons but one end has more electrons than the other-H2O, so one end is + and one end is -
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hydrogen bonds
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bonds btwn H in a compound- Weak!!!!
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reactant
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bonds being changed in a chemical reaction
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products
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bonds formed at end of reactions conclusion
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3 kinds of chem reactions
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1.lg molecules form from sm ones
2.decomposition- lg particles break down to form sm ones 3.exchange reactions-parts of 2 diff molecules trade position |
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breaking bonds___
creating bonds____ |
breaking releases energy
creating requires energy |
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reversible reaction
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products can change back to the reactants, direction of reversal depends on proportion of reactants and products, the energy available and the presence or absence of catalysts
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catalyst
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influence rates of chem reactions but are not consumed in the reaction
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electrolytes
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substances that release ions in h2O
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acids
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electrolytes that release H in H2O
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bases
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substances that combine w/ H atoms
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salts
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combo of acid and base reaction
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Ph Scale
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7-0 H+ concentration increases- gets more acidic-apple juice, gastric juice
7-14 OH- sconcentration increase-basic(alkaline)-amonia, milk of magnesia each # represents 10 fold |
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inorganic substances body requires
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inorganic substance usually react w/ H2O or disolve in H2O to release ions-(electrolytes)-H2o, O, CO2, & inorganic salts
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4 organic substances and their building blocks
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1.Carbs-provide much of E cell requires-BB=simple sugar molecules
2.Lipids-fats(triglyceride) phosp.& steroids-supply E and used to build cell parts-BB=molecules of glycerol & fatty acids 3.proteins-basically structural, E sources, hormones, enzymes& catalysts-BB=amino acids 4.nucleic acids-constitute genes, instructions that control cell activity and direct protein syn.BB=nucleotides-most important=composed of RNA,DNA |
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phospholipids
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glycerol (phospho head), and fatty acid tail
phosphate portion is soluable in H2O and fatty acid tail insoluable in H2O |
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steroids
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complex structures w/ connected rings of C atoms-cholesterol
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saturated fats
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fat molecules that contain only saturated fatty acids-no double bonds, sat w/ H atoms
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unsaturated fats
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include unsaturated fatty acids-has at least one double bond
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ch3 start
3 major parts of a cell |
1.nucleaus-inner most, encosed by nucleaur envelope, hold genetic material
2.cytoplasm-mass of fluid that surrounds nucleus, and is encircled by a thinnermembrane-(plasma membrane) has cytoplasmic organelles within it suspeneded in cytosol that perform specific functions 3.cell membrane-selectively permeable outermost part of cell consisting of phospholipid bilayer embedded w/ proteins |
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cell membrane
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hydrophilic phosphate head, fatty acid tail, maintains integrity of cell, controls entrane & exit of substances,
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signal transduction
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allows the cell to recieve and respond to incoming messages
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lipid solulable molecules
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-oxygen, CO2 and steroid hormones
-amino acids, sugars, proteins, nucleic acids and various ions cannot pass through |
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lipis move through plasma membrane through____________
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diffusion
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cellular adhesion molecule
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CAMS-allow certain cells to touch or bind- proteins that guide cellular movemeent w/in body
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3 intercellular junctions
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(cite of union btwn cells)
1.tight junctions-when membranes of adjacent cells converge and fuse, surrounding cell like a belt and junction closes-ex-cells that line digestive tract in sheetlike layers 2.desomones-rivets adjacent skin cells, so they form reinforced structural units 3.gap junctions- form tubular channels that link the cytoplasm of adjacent cells and allow ions, nutrients and other small molecules to move btwn them |
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ribosome
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composed of protein and RNA and provide a structural support and enzymatic activity required to link amino acids to from protein-protein syntheseis
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endoplasmic reticulum
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rough & smooth
composed of connected membraneous sacs, canals, vessiclaes that provide a tubular communication system and an attachement for ribosoes, also functions in protein syn. (conveyor belt where products made) smooth-where lipids syn. rough-has ribosomes-sites of protein syn. that then move through tubules of ER to the golgi for further processing |
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golgi apparatus
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contuation of the conveyor belt E.R.
stack of flattened, membraneous sacs that package glycoprotieins for secretion |
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vesicles
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membraneous, cytoplasmic sac formed by an infolding of the cell mem. usually brings a sm amount of liquid or solid into & outof cells
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mitochondria
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mebraneous sacs containing enzymes that catalyze the reactions that release energy from nutrient molecules and transform it into a usable form
(energy producing area) majority if citric acid cycle & electron trans chain happens here |
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ATP
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adenosine triophosphate-biological energy molecule, important in cellular respiration in mitoc.
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lysosomes
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garbage disposal
membraneous sacs containing digestive enzymes that destroy debris and worn out organelles-hook together with other cells and break down bad stuff |
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proxisomes
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like lysosomes, most abundant in liver &kidney cells, contain peroxidases which contains enzymes that decompose H peroxide
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centrisomes
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"butruses"
nonmembraneos structure consisting of 2 centrioles that aid in the distribution of chromosomes during cell division- pull on & distribute chromosomes |
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clilia & flagella
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motile extensions on some cell surfaces
cilia--numerous tiny, hairlike structures on that wave, moving fluids across the cell surfaces-usually on epithelial cells-inner linning of resp track for ex flagella-longer extensions such as tail of sperm |
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micro filaments
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tiny rods of protein actin that occur in meshwork or bundles & cause various kinds of cellular movement
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micro tubules
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long slender tubes with diameters 2 or 3 times bigger than microfilaments. composed of tubulin-help form cytoskeleton
aid in cellular movement &support and stablilize cell |
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what is in the nucleus?
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1,cromatin fibers that encase DNA-(what chromosomes are made of when chromatin condenses & becomes more formed)
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nucleaus is encased by?
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double layer envelope- which conists of inner & outter lipid bilayer mebrane
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nucleaur pores
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round openings(channeles) that join the two bilayers of the nuclear envelope
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nucleoulus
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w/in nucleus- small dense body that has RNA and DNA & proteins where ribosomes are created
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chromatin
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loosley coiled fibers in the nucleaur fluid, tightly coil to form chromosomes-composed of DNA fibers coiled around histones(clusters sof proteins)
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chromosomes house____
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genes and genses house DNA
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passive vs active
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passive- requires no energy to be generated at the site
active- requires energy from cellular met. |
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4 passive ways to get stuff in
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1. diffusion-when molecules move from high concentration to -low concentration
2.faciliatated diffusion- diffusiosn of lg particles (across selectively permeable mem that cant fit through cell membrane) 3.osmosis-diffusion of H2O 4.filtration-when molecules forced through mem. usually from hydrostatic pressure |
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hydrostatic pressure
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created by the weight of H2O due to gravity
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nucleic acids are BB of____
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DNA & RNA
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osmotic pressure
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increases a # of partiocles in a solution increase
cells loose water when in hypertonic gain when in hypotonic isotonic when cell has same conc of disolved part as cell contents |
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what 3 things in active transport?
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endocytosis, excocytosis and transcytosis
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endocytosis
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how stuff gets in, has pino, phago, and cell mediated endo
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pinocytosis
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bringing in H2) or other fluids-cell indents, then that indent seals of fluid into a vesicle and cell closes and goes into cytoplasm of cell, breaks down and fluid become part of cell
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phagocytosis
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gets solid(bacteria) in- takes in particle like in pino, then a lysosome in cell attatches to the vesicle and digests particle then diffuse out of cell
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cell mediated endocytosis
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moves specific paritcles into cell
receptor proteins extend out of cell, ligands(molecules that bond spec to receptors) bond to ligand receptors and are brought in through an indent etc. |
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exocytosis
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how get things out such as newly syntheiszed proteins
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cell cycle has what 3 basic parts?
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interphase-growing & replicating of DNA, mitosis-(P,M,T,A)-how all cells divide except sex cells and Cytokinesis-divsion into 2 cells
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interphase
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3 phases
G1-cell growth, S phase- replication of DNA and G2 phase-grows more |
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mitosis
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Prophase-chromatin condense & become visible as chromosomes, nucleur env. & nucleolus disperse, spindle apparatus forms
Metaphase-chrom. align along equater Anaphase-sister chromatids separate to opp poles of cell, events begin which lead to cyto. Telephase-nucleaur envelope assemble around2 daughter nuclie, chromosomes decondense, spindles disappear Cytokinesis-division of cytoplasm into 2 cells |
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tumor
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tissue mass formed when cells lose division control
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benign vs malignant
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benign-similiar to tissue they grow from remains in place, eventually interfereing
Malignant-invasive, creating tissue nothing like what it grows from, extremly rapid growing-metatisize, & spread quickly |
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matastisis
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movement of cancer cells through body
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