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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Path of Blood in the Main Channel of the Dog
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Subclavian-Axillary-Brachial-Median- Superficial Palmar Arch-Palmar Common Digital Artery- Palmar Proper Digital Artery
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Path of Blood in the Main Channel of the Cat
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Subclavian-Axillary-Brachial-Median-Radial- Dorsal Carpal Branch- Proximal Perforating Branch 2- Deep Palmar Arch- Palmar Metacarpal Artery- Palmar Proper Digital Artery
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Brachial Plexus is composed of
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Thoracic 1 and 2
Cervical 6,7,8 |
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Radiograph Opacities in order of Least Opaque to Most Opaque
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1)Air
2)Fat 3)Water/Soft Tissue 4)Bone 5)Metal |
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Autonomous Zones in Dogs
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Radial- Dorsal Side of Paw (digits 2 and 3)
Medial- Cannot test Ulnar- Abaxial side of 5th digit |
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Autonomous Zones in Cat
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Radial- Dorsal Paw (digits 2 and 3)
Medial- Palmar digits 1-3 Ulnar- Digit 5 |
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Parent Nerve of Cranial Cutaneous antibrachial Nerve
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Axillary Nerve- test for on medial proximal half of antebrachium
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Parent Nerve of Lateral Cutaneous Antibrachial Nerve
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Radial Never- test for Lateral side of brachium transitioning into cranial side of antebrachium and dorsal side of paw
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Parent Nerve of Caudal Cutaneous Antibrachial
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Ulnar nerve- Test for on caudal portion of antebrachium and abaxial palmar/lateral surface of manus
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Parent Nerve of Medial Cutaneous Antibrachial Nerve
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Musculocutaneous nerve- test for on median side of carpus and palmar side of manus
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What drains to the superficial cervical lymph nodes?
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Head, superficial neck, craniodorsal thoracic wall, thoracic limb lateral surface, distal medial thoracic limb
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What drains to the Axillary Lymph Nodes?
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Medial Proximal thoracic limb
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What drains to the Accessory Axillary Lymph Nodes?
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lateral thorax wall and cranial mammary glands (it is not always present)
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X-rays interact by
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Being absorbed or scattered or passing through
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X-rays damage cells by
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direct damage or the production of free radicals
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Roentgen signs- Show me something obvious now lady
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s-size
m- margin s-shape o-opacity n-number l-location |
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Pro's and Con's of Radiographs
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Pro's- inexensive. quick, portable
con's- 2d, dangerous exposure, not great for soft tissue |
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Ultrasound images are described as
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echogenicities- anechoic is black, hypoechoic is dark, hyperechoic is bright
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Pro's and Con's of Untrsound
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Pro's- safe, portable, good for soft tissue
Con's- bad for bone and gas, expensive, user-dependent |
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CT images
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Use x-ray, described as hypoattenuating or hyperattenuating (white)
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Pro's and Con's of CT
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Pro's- good for bone, 3D, can reformat for multiplanar imaging
Con's- expensive, immobile patient, radiation exposure, limited availability |
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MRI
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uses bodies own hydrogen atoms. described as hypointense of hyperintense
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Pro's and Con's of MRI
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Pro's great for CNS and ligaments, no radiation
Con's- bad for bones and gas, immobile patient, expensive, limited availability |
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Orthogonal Views
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take two radiographs at 90 degrees to one another to see whole picture
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How are radiographs named
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Named from where beam enters to where beam exits
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Distance from radiograph is governed by
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inverse square law
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3 Components of radiation safety
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time, distance, shielding
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Joints of the thoracic limb
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glenohumeral joint
cubital joint antebrachiocarpal joint carpal joint carpometacarpal joint metacarpophalangeal joint proximal and distal interphalangeal joint |
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Sesamoid Bones in thoracic limb
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abductor pollicis longus, dorsal sesamoid bones on dorsal surface of manus between metacarpals and proxial phalanges of digits 2-5
proximal sesamoid bones- 2 paired nones on palmar surface between metacarpals and proximal phalanges of digits 2-5 |
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Muscles act on
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joints, not bones
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Major action is
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on most distal joint a muscle crosses
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Intrinsic muscles
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all attachments on appendicular skeleton
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Extrinsic muscles
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One attachment on appendicular skeleton and one on axial skeleton
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Bones of Brachium
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Humerus
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Bones of Antebrachium
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Radius and Ulna
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Bones of Carpus
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Carpal bones 1-4, accessory carpal bone, radial carpal bone, ulnar carpal bone
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Key nerve of forelimb
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Radial Nerve- Innervate extensors of the elbow, carpus, and digits, dog cannot bear weight without it
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Dorsal Nerves of the manus
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the dorsal surface of the paw has only superficial nerves in the dog and cat (dorsal common digital n,)
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Palmar Nerves of the manus
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has both a superficial and deep set of nerves.
in dogs- ulnar and median nn. anastomose on palmar surface- why can't test for median n. in cats- do not anastomose so digital nerves are either median n. or ulnar n. and cas test for both. |
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Common Blood Supply and Innervation of EXTENSORS OF THE SHOULDER JOINT
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Blood Supply- Superficial Cervical A.
Innervation- Suprascapular N, Subscapular N., Accessory N. |
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Common Blood Supply and Innervation of FLEXORS OF THE SHOULDER JOINT
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Blood Supply- thoracodorsal, caudal circumflex humeral
Innervation- Axillary Nerve |
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Common Blood Supply and Innervation of EXTENSORS OF THE ELBOW JOINT
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Blood Supply- Deep brachial, collateral ulnar
Innervation- Radial Nerve |
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Common Blood Supply and Innervation of FLEXORS OF THE ELBOW JOINT
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Blood Supply- bicipital, transverse cubital
Innervation- Musculocutaneous |
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Common Blood Supply and Innervation of EXTENSORS OF THE CARPUS AND DIGITS
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Blood Supply- Cranial Interosseus
Innervation- Radial Nerve |
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Common Blood Supply and Innervation of FLEXORS OF THE CARPUS AND DIGITS
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Blood Supply- Deep Antebrachial
Innervation- median and ulnar |