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146 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
where is the heart located?
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in the thoracic cavity within the mediastinum
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what does the heart allow pulmonary & systemic circulation to do?
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regulate blood supply
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What kind of pressure does the heart generate?
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creates blood pressure
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about what size is the heart?
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about the size of a closed fist
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which side of the heart is larger?
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left side
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decribe apex and base-
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apex= blunt,rounded and base=larger,flat
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What type blood does the right atrium recieve?
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carbon dioxide-receives oxygen poor blood
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what type of blood does the left atrium receive?
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oxygen rich blood
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what side of the heart does blood enter and exits?
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enters through right side of heart-exits through left
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The heart keeps the blood doing what in one direction?
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flowing
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One of the main functions of the heart is to seperate what?
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oxygen poor blood from oxygen rich blood
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the pericardial cavity contains what fluid and what does it help prevent?
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serous fluid-prevents friction when heart beats
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the pericardium is ?
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2 layered serous membrane that enclose the heart
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Visceral pericardium(epicardium) forms what of the heart?
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the outer surface
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the myocardium is made up of what muscle and what part of the heart wall?
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Made up of cardiac muscle and is the thickest part of heart wall
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endocardium is composed of and what layer of heart is it?
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composed of simple squamous epithelium and is the inner layer of heart
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name the chambers of the heart?
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4 chambers-2 atrium and 2 ventricles
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what is a sulcus?
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groove for blood vessels
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the coronary sulcus seperates what?
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seperates atrium from ventricle
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interventricular suicus is a part of the extenal anatomy and what does the 2 (interior and posterior) provide?
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they provide division between right and left ventricles
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name the two vena cavas and what are their function?
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Superior(upper) and inferior(lower)-vessels that empty into right atrium-blood from body
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when the blood enters atrium through what set of veins- how many?
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4- pulmonary veins
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the pulmonary trunk splits into what?
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splits into right and left pulmonary arteries
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the pulmonary arteries do what and how many?
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2- carry blood to lungs
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the aorta does what?
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carries blood to body
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the internal chambers to heart consist of (3)-
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atria=receives blood, ventricle=dispense blood, interventricular septum=seperates ventricles
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antrioventricular(AV)valves names are?
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tricuspid=3 cusps, bicuspid=2 cusps
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semilunar valves-where are thay located and how many cusps?
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Aortic and pulmonary and they have 3 cusps
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the papillary muscles in ventricles are attached by?
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chordae tendineae
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what are the chordae tendineae?
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fibrous chords connected to the tricuspid valve
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blood passes through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the?
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pulmonary trunk
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semilunar valves (cusps) when closed and open do what?
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closed=filled with blood, open=empty
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av valves(chordae tendineae) when tight=, when slack=?
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tight=closed, slack=open
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When the papillary muscle contracts, what happens?
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chordae tendineae tightens and valve closes.
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when ventricle contracts what does the blood do?
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pushes on cusps, av valves in direction of atria
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which valves are normally open and which are closed?
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av valves=open,chordae tendineae=closed
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in a working valve,what is ventricle doing?
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blood in ventricle-ventricle is relaxed
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what is the function of coronary circulation?
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supply cardiac muscle with blood
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The coronary arteries function is to? how many?
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supply blood to atria and ventricles, 2 (1left,!right)
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cardiac veins function?
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drain blood from cardiac muscle into coronary sinus,which empties right atrium.
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the cardiac muscle consists of what that is organized into sarcomeres?
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actin and myosin
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the intercalated disks in cardiac muscle do?
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they bind cells to one another so that action potential can be diffused across.
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name two things that the cardiac muscle requires?
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atp-energy,requires oxygen-relies on aerobic respiration to make atp
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when the action potential for cadiac muscle travel to t-tubules, what happens?
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SR releases calcium which starts contractions by binding to troponin
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name two characteristics for the cardiac muscle
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striated and contains many more mitochondria than skeletal muscle
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name 4 action potentials produced by electrical activity
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depolarization phase,early repolarization phase,plateau,final repolarization
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what is produced by changes in plasma membrane permeability?
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action potentials
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what causes the change in permeability?
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the opening and closing of ion channels
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name 3 ion channels-
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sodium ion channel,calcium ion channel and potassium ion channel
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depolarization occurs when what channels does what?
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sodium and calcium ion channels open and diffuse into cell(changes inside vs. outside)
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What occurs in early repolarization?
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sodium channels close and potassium ion channels open
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what occurs in a plateau?
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calcium channels open and diffuse into cell,this counteracts potential change produces potassium diffusion
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after the change in plateau occurs with potassium diffusion what seems to happen?
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levels out
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repolarization is when?
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calcium channels close + increase in potassium channels opened
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final repolarization in the opening and closing of channels cause what change?
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plasma membrane permeability that create action potentials
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autorythymic is when the heart does what?
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stimulates itself to contract@ regular intervals
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sinoatrial node is?
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special cell in right atrium that generate action potentials-responsible for heart rate
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sinoatrial(sa) is the pacemaker of the heart because?
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it generates action potentials quicker than any other part of the heart
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describe what the conducting system does?
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specialized cardiac muscle cells that stimulate atria & ventricles to contract by sending action p. thru heart
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in cardiac cycle, what pumps does the heart contain?
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2 pumps-left and right side, contains primer pump which is the atrium
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on each pump in heart, it contains a power pump called?
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ventricles
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in cardiac cycle, repetitive pumping begins how and ends how?
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begins with contraction and end with a beginning of new contraction
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in the atrial and ventricle systole of cardiac cycle they do what?
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contract
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in the atrial and ventricle diastole they?
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relax
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ventricles produce what (refers to ventricle BP)
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produce larger force-more muscle than atrium
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systole & diastole not specified refers to?
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Ventricle contract & relax
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Before systole begins name some steps that happen-3
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aria & ventricles are filled with blood,semilunar valves closed and AV valves open
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during systole what happens?
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ventricle contracts,pressure inside increases-AV valves close, semilunar valves open
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during diastole what happens?
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Ventricles relax & ventricle pressure decrease,blood flows back to ventricles,SL valve closes,no blood flows back into ventricle
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what is responsible for the lub and dub noise in the heart beat?
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systole=lub,diastole=dub
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aortic pressure is when?
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the heart contracts pushes blood to aorta, which causes pressure to increase
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what does the pressure in the aorta at its max represent?
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systolic pressure (ex. 120 top number in blood pressure)
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aortic pressure during ventricle diastole does what?
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decreases and blood flows into vessels
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aortic pressure at minimum = what?
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diastolic pressure-bottom number on blood pressure
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what valves during 1st (lub) noise and 2nd(dub)noise close?
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1st-lub=av valve close, 2nd-dub=semilunar valve close
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heart memur is caused by what and what is it?
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caused by a faulty valve and is an abnormal heart sound
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an incompetent valve and stenosed are examples of?
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heart memurs
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describe incompetent valve
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it does not close very tight, allows leakage-swish noise
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what is stenosed?
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valve opening narrow, rushing noise in heart
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what does MAP stand for?
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Mean Atrial Pressure=avg. pressure in aorta
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to figure out the MAP what do you multiply?
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cardiac output (CO)x peripheal resistance(PR)
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define cardiac output
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amount of blood pumped by heart per minute
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define peripheal resistance
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resistance against which blood must be pumped
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cardiac output=heartrate multiplied by what?
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stroke volume
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stroke volume is?
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volume of blood pumped during each heart beat
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to get the sum of stroke volume you subtract what?
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systolic pressure - diastolic pressure=stroke volume
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to help regulate the heart, what must be maintained?
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homeostasis
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when homeostasis occurs in regulating heart what must vary?
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the amount of blood pumped by heart must vary
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define intrinsic regulation
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heart modifies stroke volume by cardiac muscle cells
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define extrinsic regulation
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heart modifies stroke volume and heart rate by neural and hormones
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what makes up peripheal circulation?
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systemic and pulmonary
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what function does the systemic and pulmonary perform?
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carry blood,exchanges; nutrients,waste,gases,ions-transports nutrients and directs blood flow
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the arteries in peripheal circulation do what?
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carry blood away from heart
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name 3 types of arteries
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elastic,muscular,arterioles
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from the arterioles blood enters?
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the capillaries
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capillaries also do and have what kind of walls?
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they exchange nutrients,waste etc., have the thinnest walls
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from the capillaries blood enters where?
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veins
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veins function?
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carry blood to heart
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vessel layers consist in?
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veins and arteries only!-not in capillaries
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tunics=vessel layers,name (3) tunics with brief description?
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tunica intima=innermost, tunica media=middle,tunica adventica=outer
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the elastic arteries characteristics are?
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largest in diameter,thickest walls,made up of elastic tissue and smooth muscle,recoil prevents blood pressure decreasing rapidly
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muscular arteries characteristics are?
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medium to small, smooth muscle
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arterioles characteristics are?
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smallest, transport blood from small muscular artery into capillaries, controls blood flow in capillaries
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capillaries consist of?
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layers of simple squamous epithelium=diffusion process
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the capillary bed is?
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network of veins,capillaries arteries enter and capillarlies leave
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venules are and transport blood from -to?
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x-small, they transport blood from capillaries to form veins-small veins>medium>large
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pressure is low when veins?
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return blood to heart
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when veins are compared to arteries?
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walls much thinner and large in diameter
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3 major comparison examples are?(veins vs. arteries)
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vasoconstriction,vasodilation,varicose veins
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what is vasoconstriction?
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contraction of smooth muscle,w/in vessels, decreases vessel diameter
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what is vasodilation?
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relaxation of smooth muscle: increases in diameter
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varicose veins is and why?
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permanently dialated veins because valves in veins do not prevent backflow
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the systemic circulation includes?
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all other arteries and veins of body
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where do most arteries derive from?
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aorta
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what are the three main portions of the aorta?
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ascending aorta-leave left ventricle,aortic arch-deliver blood to head and upper limbs,descending aorta-reaches pelvic
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the aortic arch branches off to 3 arteries?
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brachiocephalic artery,subclavian artery,common carotoid
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the descending aorta consists of 2 aorta, what are they?
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thoracic and abdominal aorta
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what is an aneurysm?
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bulge due to weak spot in aorta
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what is the largest artery in the systemic circulation?
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aorta
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what are the major pathways for blood in the systemic circuit?
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aorta and venae cavae
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superior and inferior venae cavae are the main what in the systemic circuit?
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largest veins
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the superior venae cavae supplies blood to?
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blood from head and neck and upper limbs
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the inferior venae cavae supplies blood to?
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blood from abdomen-pelvis and lower limbs
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FYI-acquiring meningitis(bacterial) an infection where?
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within cerebral spinal fluid (delivered to brain)
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an example of how someone can acquire meningitis and brief description?
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pimple on nose becomes infected-bacteria transported via facial vein,which joins vein that circulates thru brain
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special veins include what portal system that carries blood to stomach(digestive organs)?
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hepatic portal system-carries blood through veins within stomach,intestines,spleen,pancreas,goes to liver
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portal in the hepatic system means what?
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begin & end with capillaries with no pumping mechanism between
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what does the liver do in hepatic portal system?
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the liver modifies the nutrients
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what veins join together to make up the hepatic portal system vein?
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superior mesenteric and the splenic veins
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the inferior mesenteric vein=,pancreatic vein=,gastric vein=,superior mesenteric= (brief decription)
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Im=large intestine,pv=pancreas,gv=stomach,sm=small intestine
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the hepatic veins drain the liver and enter the ?
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inferior venae cavae(delivers to heart)
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adequate blood flow maintains homeostasis by?
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providing tissues with oxygen and nutrients and removal of waste
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what is the force of blood that is exerted against the walls of vessels, called?
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blood pressure
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what is hydrostatic pressure? give an example
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pressure produced by gravity-stand up to fast after laying down
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why does this example of standing up to fast after laying down cause the blood pressure to drop?
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it equals pressure from heart +hydrostatic pressure which cause the bp to drop
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in the capillary exchange it is movement of and allows for cells to?
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movement of substances between capillaries & interstitial fluid(fluid b/t cells)aloows cells to recieve nutrients they need
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under capillary exchange-passage through cells can be achieved by?
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cross plasma membrane, diffusion,osmosis and filtration(kidneys)
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nutrients ,oxygen, hormones diffuse from what concentration to?
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higher within capillaries to lower concentration,within interstitial fluid( from capillaries goes to i-fluid)
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in arteries, the thoracic aorta=, and the abdominal aorta=.LOCATION
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thoracic aorta= above diaphragm,abdominal aorta=runs thru center of body
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the hepatic portal system is made up of only and contains no?
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VEINS=abdominal arteries, and no pumping mechanism
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lymphatic system function in capillary exchange?
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moves fluid out of tissues and controls amount obtain (adema)
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filtration moves materials ? osmosis moves materials ?
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filtration=moves out, osmosis=material moves in
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waste (carbon dioxide) is diffused from within what fluid within where?
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diffuse from higher concentration w/in interstitial fluid to lower w/in capillaries
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the higher number in blood pressure is called and where is pressure recorded?
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systolic- pressure is recorded when the left ventricle contracts
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the lower number in blood pressure is called what and where is it recorded?
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diastolic pressure-pressure recorded when the left ventricle relaxes
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hypertension is and what levels are the systolic and diastloic?
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high blood pressure-the systolic pressure is 140 or greater and the diastolic is 90 or greater
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