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243 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
where does the pharynx end?
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C6
|
|
what is the sensory nerve supply to the nasopharynx?
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V2 (maxillary)
|
|
what is the parasympathetic supply to the nasopharynx?
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VII (facial)
|
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what is the sensory supply to the oropharynx?
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IX (glossopharyngeal)
|
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what is the parasympathetic supply to the oropharynx?
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IX (glossopharyngeal)
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what is the sensory supply to the laryngopharynx?
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X (vagus)
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what is the parasympathetic supply to the laryngopharynx?
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X (vagus)
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what is the nerve supply to most of the pharyngeal muscles?
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pharyngeal plexus (X-XIc)
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which pharyngeal muscle is not innervated by the pharyngeal plexus?
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stylopharyngeus (IX - glossopharyngeal)
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which nerve innervates stylopharyngeus?
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IX (glossopharyngeal)
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where is the nasopharynx?
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from the nose (choanae) to soft palate (inferior border)
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where is the oropharynx?
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from the inferior border of the soft palate to the epiglottis
|
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where is the laryngopharynx?
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epiglottis to cricoid cartilage
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what are the two types of pharyngeal muscles?
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constrictors and levators
|
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which of the constrictors and levators are deep?
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levators
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where does the superior constrictor originate and insert?
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origin: pterygoid process of sphenoid, mandible, pterygomandibular raphe
insertion: pharyngeal raphe |
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What muscles insert/originate in the pharyngeal raphe?
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thyropharyngeal part of the Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle, Middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle, Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
|
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which muscle of the pharynx originates from the hyoid bone and inserts into the pharyngeal raphe?
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middle constrictor
|
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name the two parts of the inferior constrictor
|
thyropharyngeus and cricopharyngeus
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name the levators of the pharynx
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palatopharyngeus, stylopharyngeus and salpingopharyngeus
|
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where do the levators of the pharynx all insert?
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mucous of the pharyngeal wall
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what is the origin of the palatopharyngeus?
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soft palate
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where does the stylopharyngeus originate?
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styloid process of temporal bone
|
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what is the origin of salpingopharyngeus?
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auditory tube
|
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what is a good test of brain circuitry?
|
gag reflex
|
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where is the larynx located?
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C3-C6
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what colour is the vestibular fold?
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pink
|
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what is the space betwee the vocal folds called?
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rima glottidis
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which muscle abducts the vocal cords?
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posterior cricoarytenoideus
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which muscle tenses the vocal cords?
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cricothyroideus
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what does lateral cricoarytenoideus do?
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adduct the vocal cords
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what does thyroarytenoideus do?
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relaxes the vocal cords
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what is the sensory nerve supply to the larynx above and including the vocal cords?
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superior laryngeal branch of vagus (SLX)
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what part of the larynx is the recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus sensory to?
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everything below the vocal folds
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what is the nerve supply to the laryngeal muscles?
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RLX (except cricothyroideus - SLX)
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what is the innervation of cricothyroideus?
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SLX
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where are the vocal cords during phonation?
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adducted
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where is the thyroid gland located?
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from the thyroid cartilage to the 5th tracheal ring
|
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what type of epithelium lines the paranasal sinuses?
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respiratory epithelium
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list the paranasal sinuses?
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frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, maxillary
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what is the sensory nerve supply to the external nose?
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V1 (opthalmic), V2 (maxillary)
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what is the motor supply to the external nose?
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VII (facial)
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what is the parasympathetic supply to the nasal cavity and sinuses?
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VII-pterygopalatine ganglion
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what is the sensory innervation of the nasal cavity and sinuses?
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V1, V2
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which two bones make up the hard palate? which is most posterior?
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maxilla and palatine (palatine most posterior)
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name the two faucial arches
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palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal
|
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where are the palatine tonsils located?
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in the oropharynx, between the faucial arches
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which tonsils are located in the nasopharynx near the auditory tube?
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pharyngeal tonsils
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where are the lingual tonsils?
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posterior 1/3 of tongue
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which muscle raises the soft palate?
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levator veli palatini
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what is the action of tensor veli palatini?
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tenses the soft palate
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which of the palatini muscles is most medial?
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LVP
|
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which muscle protrudes the tongue?
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genioglossus
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what is the action of palatoglossus?
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raises the tongue
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what does hyoglossus do?
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depresses the tongue
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which muscle retracts the tongue?
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styloglossus
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what do the intrinsic tongue muscles do?
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raise/depress tip, narrow, elongate, broaden, flatten
|
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which is largest salivary gland?
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parotid
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where is the apex of the parotid gland?
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angle of mandible
|
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which muscle does the parotid duct pierce?
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buccinator
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is the parotid gland serous, mucous or mixed?
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serous
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where does the facial nerve travel relative to the parotid gland?
|
through it
|
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which blood vessel travels through the parotid gland?
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external carotid artery
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where is the submandibular duct?
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under the tongue
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which salivary gland secretes mucous?
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sublingual
|
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what is the sensory supply to the mouth?
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V2, V3
|
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what is the parasympathetic supply to the mouth?
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VII-pterygopalatine ganglion
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what is the sensory supply to the tongue?
|
V3
|
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what is the motor supply to the tongue?
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XII (hypoglossal) except palatoglossus (X-XIc)
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which salivary gland's parasympathetic supply is IX (otic ganglion)?
|
parotid gland
|
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what is the parasympathetic supply to the submandibular and sublingual glands?
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VII (submandibular ganglion)
|
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what innervates the LVP?
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X-XIc
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what innervates the TVP?
|
V3
|
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what type of joint is the temperomandibular joint?
|
condylar
|
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what are the articulating surfaces in the TMJ?
|
mandibular fossa of temporal bone and head of mandible
|
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name the five layers of the scalp
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skin, connective tissue, aponeurosis, loose connective tissue, pericranium
|
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which layer of the scalp facilitates movement of the skin?
|
loose connective tissue
|
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name the muscles of mastication
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temporalis, masseter, lateral pterygoid, medial pterygoid
|
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which muscles elevate the jaw?
|
temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid
|
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which muscle depresses the jaw?
|
lateral pterygoid
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which muscle has its origin at the sphenoid and its insertion at the neck/head of the mandible and articular disc of the TMJ?
|
lateral pterygoid
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what does the lateral pterygoid do?
|
depress and protract jaw
|
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where is the origin of the masseter?
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zygomatic, maxilla
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which muscle of mastication inserts into the inner mandible?
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medial pterygoid
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what is the action of the temporalis?
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elevation and retraction of the jaw
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what is the action of the masseter?
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elevation of the jaw
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what is the action of the lateral pterygoid?
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depression and protraction of jaw
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what is the action of the medial pterygoid?
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elevation and protraction of the jaw
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which two muscles protract the jaw?
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lateral and medial pterygoids
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what is the insertion of the medial pterygoid?
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inner mandible
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where does the temporalis insert?
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coronoid process of the mandible
|
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which muscles produce ear movements?
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auricular muscles
|
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which muscle is responsible for horizontal forehead wrinkles?
|
frontalis
|
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which muscle is responsible for vertical forehead wrinkles?
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corrugator supercilli
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what does orbicularis oris do?
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close mouth
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which muscle elevates the lip and dilates the nose?
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levator labii superior alaeque nasi
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t/f... levator labii superior and zygomatic major elevate the lip
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false, levator labii superior and zygomatic minor elevate the lip
|
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which muscle depresses the lip?
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depressor labii inferior
|
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which three muscles elevate the angle?
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risorius, levator anguli oris, zygomatic major
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what does the mentalis do?
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elevates the chin lip
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t/f... buccinator is superficial
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false, buccinator is deep
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what is the action of platysma?
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lowers jaw lip, tenses neck
|
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name the suprahyoids
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geniohyoid, mylohyoid, digastric, stylohyoid
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where is the geniohyoid?
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mandible to the hyoid
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which suprahyoid is innervated by C1 through XII?
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geniohyoid
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where is the origin of the mylohyoid?
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mandible
|
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what is the function of mylohyoid?
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depression of jaw
|
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which two suprahyoids are innervated by the mandibular branch of trigeminal?
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mylohyoid and anterior belly of digastric
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where is the origin of posterior belly of digastric?
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mastoid process of temporal bone
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what is the origin of stylohyoid?
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styloid process of temporal bone
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what is the function of stylohyoid?
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fix hyoid
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where does the anterior belly of the digastric insert?
|
mandible
|
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which of the infrahyoids are innervated by C1-C3?
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sternohyoid, omohyoid, sternothyroid
|
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what is the function of the infrahyoid muscles?
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lower hyoid during swallowing/speech
|
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what innervates thyrohyoid?
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C1 through XII
|
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which infrahyoid originates at the scapula and inserts into the hyoid?
|
omohyoid
|
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which infrahyoids are superficial?
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sternohyoid and omohyoid
|
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which infrahyoids are deep?
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sternothyroid and thyrohyoid
|
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what are the branches of the external carotid artery?
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superior thyroid, lingual, facial, maxillary, superficial temporal
|
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what are the tributaries of the internal jugular vein?
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lingual, superior thyroid, ant/ext jugular, facial, retromandibular, maxillary, superficial temporal
|
|
what innervates the muscles of facial expression?
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VII
|
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what are the branches of the facial nerve?
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temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical
|
|
which branch of VII supplies platysma?
|
cervical VII
|
|
which muscles does V3 innervate?
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muscles of mastication and some suprahyoids
|
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name the branches of the trigeminal nerve
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opthalmic, maxillary, mandibular
|
|
how is the external acoustic meatus oriented?
|
concave anteriorly
|
|
what is the nerve supply to the external acoustic meatus?
|
V3, C2/3
|
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what are the two parts of the tympanic membrane?
|
pars tensa, pars flaccida
|
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what is the nerve supply of the tympanic membrane?
|
V3, X, IX
|
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name the ossicles
|
malleus, incus, stapes
|
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what are the muscles of the middle ear?
|
tensor tympani and stapedius
|
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what is the origin of tensor tympani?
|
auditory tube
|
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where does the tensor tympani insert?
|
handle of malleus
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which muscle goes from the posterior cavity to the stapes?
|
stapedius
|
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what innervates stapedius?
|
VII
|
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what innervates tensor tympani?
|
V3
|
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is the cochlea part of the osseous or membranous labyrinth?
|
osseous
|
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where is perilymph located?
|
osseous labyrinth
|
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where is endolymph located?
|
membranous labyrinth
|
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t/f... fat is scarce around the eye
|
false
|
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which bones make up the roof of the orbit?
|
frontal, sphenoid
|
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which bones compose the floor of the orbit?
|
maxilla, zygomatic, palatine
|
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which bones comprise the medial wall of the orbit?
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maxilla, lacrimal, ethmoid, sphenoid
|
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which bones make up the lateral wall of the orbit?
|
sphenoid, zygomatic
|
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which cranial nerves travel through the superior orbital fissure?
|
III, IV, VI, V1
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which cranial nerve travels through the inferior orbital fissure?
|
V2
|
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where does the optic nerve travel in the eye?
|
through the optic canal
|
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what is the muscle of the upper eyelid?
|
levator palpebral superior
|
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what is the conjunctiva?
|
mucous membrane covering eyelids and cornea
|
|
where are tears produced?
|
lacrimal gland
|
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what are the two parts of the external tunic of the globe?
|
sclera and cornea
|
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where do the fibres of the optic nerve pass through the sclera?
|
lamina cribrosa
|
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where does fluid from the canal of sclemm drain to?
|
ciliary veins
|
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what is the function of the sclera?
|
maintains form, drains aqueous humor
|
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how is the cornea nourished?
|
by aqueous humor (cornea is avascular and lymph free)
|
|
what is the function of the cornea?
|
lets light in, focuser
|
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t/f... the choroid is tightly bound to the retina but loosely bound to the sclera
|
true
|
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what is the function of the choroid?
|
blood supply for outer retina and absorption of light
|
|
what is the function of the ciliary body?
|
suspend lens, accommodation, produce aqueous humor
|
|
what are the components of the middle tunic of the globe?
|
choroid, ciliary body, iris
|
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which muscle of the iris has concentric fibres?
|
sphincter pupillae
|
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which muscle of the iris looks like the spokes of a wheel?
|
dilatator pupillae
|
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where is the blind spot of the eye?
|
optic disc
|
|
what is the aqueous humor composed of?
|
glucose, amino acids, ascorbic acid
|
|
what is the vitreous humor?
|
water, salts, glycoprotein
|
|
is the lens avascular?
|
yes
|
|
what effect on the lens does relaxation of the suspensory ligament?
|
fat lens
|
|
what are the origins of the recti?
|
common tendinous ring
|
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what is the origin of the superior oblique?
|
sphenoid
|
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what is the origin of the inferior oblique?
|
maxilla
|
|
which oblique eye muscle originates from the maxilla?
|
inferior oblique
|
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where is the levator palpebral superior relative to the obliques and recti?
|
superior to all
|
|
what movements are produced by the superior rectus?
|
up/intorsion/adduction
|
|
which muscle produces elevation/extorsion/abduction of the eye?
|
inferior oblique
|
|
what movements are produced by the inferior rectus?
|
down/extorsion/adduction
|
|
which muscle moves the eye down, out and inwards?
|
superior oblique
|
|
what is the action of medial rectus?
|
adduction
|
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which muscle abducts the eye alone?
|
lateral rectus
|
|
what is the clinical test for a superior oblique lesion?
|
adduction/down
|
|
what is the arterial supply to the inner retina?
|
central retinal artery
|
|
where does the opthalmic vein drain to?
|
cavernous sinus
|
|
which eye muscles are supplied by occulomotor?
|
SR, IR, MR, IO, LPS
|
|
what innervates the superior oblique?
|
trochlear
|
|
what innervates the LR?
|
abducent
|
|
what is the sensory supply to the retina?
|
optic nerve
|
|
what is the sensory supply to the eye and its surrounds?
|
V1
|
|
which cranial nerves are associated with the eyes?
|
occulomotor, trochlear, abducent
|
|
which muscle is parasympathetically innervated by the occulomotor nerve?
|
sphincter pupillae
|
|
what sign is present in a lesion of the abducent?
|
medial squint (esotropia)
|
|
where do the cell bodies of the sensory fibres of the trigeminal lie?
|
trigeminal ganglion
|
|
how does V1 exit the skull?
|
superior orbital fissure
|
|
which cranial nerve exits the skull through the foramen rotundum?
|
V2
|
|
where does V3 exit the skull?
|
foramen ovale
|
|
which cranial nerve innervates the muscles of mastication?
|
V3
|
|
which cranial nerve travels through the stylomastoid foramen?
|
facial
|
|
which cranial nerves are associated with the face?
|
trigeminal and facial
|
|
which cranial nerve is associated with the ears?
|
vestibulocochlear
|
|
what type of fibres are in the vestibulocochlear nerve?
|
sensory
|
|
which cranial nerves are associated with the mouth?
|
glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal
|
|
where does glossopharyngeal exit the skull?
|
jugular foramen
|
|
which salivary gland receives nerve fibres from the otic ganglion?
|
parotid gland
|
|
which cranial nerve supplies taste to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
|
IX
|
|
which muscle of the pharynx is innervated by glossopharyngeal?
|
stylopharyngeus
|
|
where does the vagus nerve exit the skull?
|
jugular foramen
|
|
what is the function of the hypoglossal nerve?
|
motor to tongue (except palatoglossus)
|
|
where does the hypoglossal exit the skull?
|
hypoglossal canal
|
|
Primitive streak?
|
AT cloacal side, grows rostally, epiblast cell movement, becomes node
|
|
notocord
|
becomes nucleus pulposis, underneath ectoderm, triggers it to become CNS/neural cord = spine and brain
|
|
neural crest cells
|
detach from ectoderm, form cranial nerves, face and neck structure of the pharyngeal apparatus
|
|
Bones of foetus cranium?
|
separated by connective tissue, begin as cartillage, overlap in birth then mould after. from somites
|
|
where are facial bones from embryologically?
|
pharangeal apparatus
|
|
Acrania?
|
Incompatible with life, calvaria/vault fails to form, usually associated with no brain development
|
|
Craniosynostosis?
|
prenatal closure of sutures, unable to easily fit through birth canal
|
|
holoprosencephaly?
|
single features e.g. nostril, eye, no separation of hemispheres, cleft palate, long skull
|
|
Pharangeal apparatus?
|
branchial/fish like/gill, made by arches, puches, grooves membranes, makes head and neck majority
|
|
Components of pharyngeal arches?
|
Arch with pouch inside, groove on outside, and membrane of mesoderm separating pouch and groove.
Neural crest cells, surrounding mesoderm. arches from foregut, lined with ecto and endo derm arch has artery cartilage muscle nerves |
|
Which pharayngeal arches are the most prominent?
|
1 and 2
|
|
What are the 2 major prominences of 1st arch?
|
Mandibular and Maxillary prominence
|
|
Structures arising from Pharangeal arch 1?
|
Bones - Incus, malleus, maxilla, zygomatic, vomer, mandible, squamous part of temporal
Muscles of mastication, myelohyoid, ant belly digastric, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini Nerve - trigeminal, mandibular (V3) |
|
Structures arising from Pharangeal arch 2?
|
Bones - stapes, styloid process of temporal, part of hyoid
Muscles of facial expression - stylohyoid, post belly digastric, stapedius Nerve - facial |
|
Structures arising from Pharangeal arch 3?
|
Bones - Rest of hyoid
Muscles - Stylopharangeus Nerve - glossopharyngeal |
|
Structures arising from Pharangeal arch 4 and to an extent 6?
|
Bones - laryngeal cartilages
Levator veli palatini, palatoglossus, palatopharyngeus, pharyngeal constrictors, laryngeal muscles (6th too) Nerve - vagus |
|
Where do glossal muscles develop from embryologically?
|
Mesoderm of somites, not pharyngeal arches. Occipital somites/post-otic myotomes
(Nerve = specific nerve innervations) |
|
Where do occular muscles develop from?
|
Mesoderm of somites, not pharyngeal arches. Preottic myotomes, around orbit
|
|
Where do the styloid muscles come from embryologically?
|
stylohyoid - 2nd arch
stylopharangeaus - 3rd arch styloglossus - somite |
|
Where do the palatini muscles come from?
|
tensor veli palatini = 1st arch
levator veli palatini = 4th and 6th arch |
|
Where do the palato muscles come from?
|
palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus come from 4th arch
|
|
1st pharangeal pouch develops into what?
|
tympanic cavity, auditory tube
|
|
2nd pharangeal pouch develops into what?
|
tonsil fossa, palatine tonsil
|
|
3rd pharangeal pouch develops into what?
|
thymus, epithelium to parathyroid
|
|
4th pharangeal pouch develops into what?
|
epithelium parathyroid gland
|
|
What does pharyngeal groove 1 develop into?
|
External acoustic meatus
|
|
What do pharyngeal grooves 2-4 become?
|
cervical sinus, disappears completely in adult
|
|
What forms the tympanic membrane?
|
Pharyngeal membrane 1.
|
|
Describe pharyngeal sinus/fistula/cyst issues?
|
Cervical sinus (from pharyngeal grooves 2-4) does not disappear as it should, creating an opening in side of neck allowing mucous out.
Fistula comes down from 2nd pouch and joins up with pharyngeal sinus and empties mucous down side of neck. Cyst - picked up in adolescents, slow growing, asymptomatic. |
|
What is 1st arch syndrome?
|
Neural crest cells fail to migrate into pharyngeal arch, children have downward slopde eyes, underdeveloped facial bones, cleft lip/palate.
|
|
Describe thyroid gland development?
|
Extends down through tongue to get to neck, joined to starting point (foramen coecum) by thyroglossal duct which will eventually atrophy.
|
|
Describe the appearance and development of a thyroglossal duct and cyst in an adult?
|
If thyroglossal duct doesn't atrophy, may develop cyst either just opposite hyoid bone in midline or less commonly in tongue. If doesn't get infected, benign, and its only clinical presentation is a mass that moves up and down with swallowing.
|
|
Describe the 1st stage of palate development?
|
1st - median palatal process of hard palate, boxed in by developing maxilary process and nasal septum, just in front of incisive suture/foramina in adult.
|
|
Describe the 2nd stage of palate development ?
|
2nd - bulk of hard and soft palate, maxillary prominences come together laterally and fuse in midline (made of maxillary, palatine and soft palate), boxes in median palatine process, front part ossifies into bone, second part remains soft and becomes uvula
|
|
What embryological structure is involved in the formation of a cleft lip?
|
Involves median palatal process not fusing in the 1st stage of palate development
|
|
What embryological process does not occur to form a cleft palate?
|
The maxillary prominences do not fuse, which is the 2nd stage of palate development, and this may lead to clefting in the hard and/or soft palate (eg fishtailed uvula)
|
|
Where pharyngeal arch do the 'tensor' muscles of head and neck arise from?
|
tensor tympani and tensor veli palatini arise from the 1st pharyngeal arch
|