Anatomy Back And Spinal Cord

Front 1

name the muscle, origin, insertion, function, and innervation

Back 1

latissimus dorsi

o: spinous processes of the lumbar vertebrae, lower 6 thoracic vertebrae,thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest

I: floor of the bicipital tuberosity of humerus

N: thoracodorsal N.

F: adduction and extension of upper extremity

Front 2

Back 2

Trapezius

O: spinous process of C7, and of T1-T12, ligamentum nuchae, superior nuchal line

I: lateral 1/3 of the clavicle, acromion, crest of the scapula

N: accessory spinal(CNXI) and cervical plexus

F: elevates the shoulder and pulls the scapula backwards

Front 3

Back 3

Levator scapulae

O: posterior tubercles of transverse processes of c1- c4

I: superior angle of the scapula and upper medial border of the scapula

N: c3-c4

F: elevation of scapula

Front 4

Back 4

Rhomboid Minor

O: spinous process of C7, ligamentum nuchae, T1

I: spine of the scapula

N: dorsal scapular nerve

F: retract and fix the scapula

Front 5

Back 5

Rhomboid Major

O: spinous process of t2-t5

I: medial border of scapula

N: dorsal scapular nerve

F: retract and fix the scapula

Front 6

Back 6

Serratus posterior Inferior

deep to thhe latissimus dorsi, attaches to the lower 4 ribs. innervation: ventral rami of T9-T11

Front 7

Back 7

serratus posterior superior

deep to the rhomboids. attaches to C7, ribs 2-5 and the ligamentum nuchae. Innervation: ventral rami c8-t3

Front 8

Back 8

This muscle is 1 of the 3 sacrospinalis/erector spinae muscle (lateral column). This is the iliocostalis (lumborum, thoracis, and cervicis). Innervation/supplied by the dorsal rami of the spinal nerves

Front 9

Back 9

This muscle is also part of the scarospinalis/erector spinae muscle. this is the longissimus muscle (thoracis)

Innervation: dorsal rami of the spinal nerves

Front 10

Back 10

This muscle is also part of the scarospinalis/erector spinae muscle. This is the longissimus cervical muscle. Innervation dorasal rami of the spinal nerves

Front 11

Back 11

locate the longissimus capitis, innervation: dorsal rami of the spinal nerves

Front 12

Back 12

identify spinalis thoracis , innervation dorsal rami of the spinal nerves

Front 13

Back 13

identify the spinalis cervicis, innervation dorsal rami of the spinal nerves

Front 14

Back 14

identify the spinalis capitis, innervation is the dorsal rami of the spinal nerves.

Front 15

Name the transverso-spinal muscles and identify them in the packet

Back 15

multifidus muscle, interspinalis muscle, intertransversarii muscle (between the transverse processes) , rotators (long[longus], and short[brevis])

Front 16

what three muscles make up the suboccipital triangle? and which muscles makes up what border?

Back 16

rectus capitis (major and minor) posterior major (medial border)

Obliquus capitis superior muscle (lateral border)

obliquus capitis inferior muscle (inferior border)

Front 17

Back 17

rectus capitis posterior major

O: spine of the axis

I: inferior nuchal line

N: suboccipital

F: extends, rotates, flexes the head laterally

Front 18

Back 18

Rectus capitis posterior minor

O: posterior tubercle of atlas

I: nuchal line

N: suboccipital

F: extends and flexes the head laterally

Front 19

Back 19

obliquus capitis superior

O: tranverse process of the atlas

I: nuchal line

N: subocciptal

f: extends, rotates , and flexes the head laterally

Front 20

Back 20

obliquus capitis inferior

O: spine of the axis

I: transverse process of atlas

N: suboccipital

F: Extends and rotates the head laterally

Front 21

what are the contents of the suboccipital triangle ? (3)

Back 21

vetebral artery , suboccipital nerve (C1), and suboccipital venous plexus

Front 22

which artery (that is in the suboccipital traingle) is a branch off the subclavian artery?

Back 22

vetebral artery

Front 23

the veterbal artery travels through the tranverse foramina of which veterbraes?

Back 23

the upper six cervical vetebrae

Front 24

the suboccipital nerve is derived from where?

Back 24

the dorsal ramus of C1

Front 25

the suboccipital nerve emerges between what? (2)

Back 25

the vetebral artery above , and the posterior arch of the atlas below

Front 26

what nerve supplies the muscles of the suboccipital triangle and the semispinalis capitis muscle?

Back 26

suboccipital nerve

Front 27

what are the joints and their respective functions of the suboccipital traingle? (2)

Back 27

atlano-occipital joint (flexion, extension, and lateral flexion of the head)

Atlanto-axial joint (rotation of the atlas and the head as a unit on the axis)

Front 28

*clinical point* what may occur from trauma (mva) rupture from the cruciform ligament or from rheumatoid arthritis. this may injure the spinal cord or the medulla.

signs and symptoms: pain in the posterior neck, and restricted or painful mobility

Back 28

atlatoaxial dislocation (subluxation)

Front 29

what are the components of the occipitoaxial ligament? (4)

Back 29

cruciform ligament (transverse and longitudinal), apical ligament, alar ligament, and the tectorial membrane

Front 30

how many vetebraes does the human body have ?

How many curvatures?

Back 30

-33 (7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 4 coccygeal)

-(2) primary (appear after fetal development and retained in the adulthood. thoracic and sacral) , and secondary (develops after birth(cervical and lumbar)

Front 31

Where is a herniated intervetebral disc most common between? (3)

Which nerve is affected when a herniated disk is present?

Back 31

-Most common between L4-L5, L5-S1, and C6-C7

-nerve affected is always the one below (ex: if its L4-L5 then spinal nerve L5 is affected)

Front 32

If there is a herniated disk at the level of L4-L5 where is the pain, numbness, weakness, atrophy and reflex difficeincy?

Back 32

The pain is located over the sacroiliiacjoint, hip, lateral thigh and leg. Numbness: lateral leg and first 3 toes. weakness: dorsiflexion of great toe, difficulty walking on heals and foot drop may occur . Atrophy: minor. Reflexes: internal hamstring reflex diminished or absent

Front 33

If there s a herniated disk at the level of L5-S1 where is the pain, numbness, weakness, atrophy, and reflex diffieciency?

Back 33

Pain: sacroiliac joint, hip, posterolateral thigh and leg to heel. Numbness: back of calf, lateral heel, and foot to toe. Weakness: plantar flexion of foot and great toe, difficulty walking on toes. Atrophy: gastrocnemius and soleus. Relexes: ankle jerk

Front 34

Name the joint: has no joint cavity, and has fibrous connective tissue . Ex: distal tibiofubular joint

Back 34

Fibrous joint

Front 35

Name the joint: Has no joint cavity and the bones that surround this joint are united by articular capsule and ligaments. Ex: knee and hip joint

Back 35

Synovial joint

Front 36

Name the joint: Has no joint cavity and the cartilage holds bones together. Ex: pubis symphysis

Back 36

cartilagenous joint

Front 37

Name the ligament: lies from the anterior tubercule of the atlas to the sacrum

Back 37

Anterior longitudinal ligament

Front 38

This ligament lies from the the occipital bone to the sacrum. lies within the vertebral canal

Back 38

posterior longitudinal ligament

Front 39

This ligament lies between the laminae

Back 39

ligamentum flavum

Front 40

this ligament is at top of the spine

Back 40

supraspinous ligament

Front 41

this ligament lies between the spines

Back 41

interspinous ligament

Front 42

__________ is a vertebral arches, and as a pair they guide and limit the movement of the spinal segment

Back 42

Zygapophyseal joints

Front 43

________ is a synovial joints that is between the occipital condyle and C1. it allows nodding and sideways movements

Back 43

Atlanto-occipital joint

Front 44

Atlanto-axial joint and two lateral and one median joint. _____ joints are plane and glidding joints whereas _______ joint is a pivot

Back 44

lateral, median

Front 45

what type of synovial joint is between the heads of the ribs and vertebral bodies?

Back 45

Costo-vertebral joints

Front 46

which joints are between the tubercles of the ribs and transverse processes

Back 46

costo-transverse processes

Front 47

which joints, due to their mechanical nature, usually undergoe degenerative changes (arthristis)?

Back 47

facet joints

Front 48

The spinal cord is found in the _______, and is continuous with the brain stem. the spinal cord is attached to the coccyx at __ weeks in utero. In the newborn the spinal cord level is at ___. In the adults the spinal cord ends at ____ but never below L2.

Back 48

spinal canal, 8, L3, L1-L2

Front 49

What ends at L2

Back 49

Conus medullaris

Front 50

The roots below the caudal end of the cord form a bundle of nerve roots called the _______

Back 50

Cauda Equina

Front 51

During the sixth month of gestation the caudal tip of the spinal cord lies at what vertebral level?

Back 51

S1

Front 52

At birth the spinal cord lies at the level of ___ while in the adults it ends at ____

Back 52

L3, L1-L2

Front 53

Spinal Nerves: ___ nerve is between the skull and the atlas. ___ nerve has no dorsal root but it has a dorsal ramus.

Back 53

C1 (suboccipital nerve)

Front 54

which cranial nerves exit the vertebral column above their corresponding vertebrae?

Back 54

C2-C7

*C8 passes below c7 and above T1*

Front 55

Which nerves pass below their corresponding vertebral level?

Back 55

Thoracic and Lumbar, sacral and coccygeal

Front 56

what covers the spinal cord? (3)

Back 56

Dura, arachnoid, and pia matter

Front 57

where does the dura matter end at ? what is the space between the bone and dura matter?

Back 57

S2, and epidural space

Front 58

Where does the arachnoid matter end? what is the space between the arachnoid and the pia matter?

Back 58

S2, the subarachnoid space

*the subarachnoid space contains the CSF*

Front 59

The pia matter has lateral projections between the dorsal and the ventral spinal roots called what?

Back 59

denticulate ligaments

Front 60

the filum terminale is made up of what type of matter from L2 to S2? from S2 to coccyx? where does the pia matter end?

Back 60

pia matter, pia and dura matter, L2

Front 61

what is contained the epidural space? (3)

Back 61

fat, vertebral venous plexus (batson), and spinal nerves

Front 62

what are layers of the spinal cord from the innermost to the outermost?

Back 62

spinal cord, pia, subarachnoid, arachnoid, subdural, dura, epidural, vertebral bone

Front 63

what is the blood supply of the spinal cord? (4)

Back 63

anterior spinal artery(vertebral artery), segmental arteries, two posterior spinal arteries, and radicular arteries

Front 64

Blood of the spinal cords drain into the ____ and then into the ______ veins or the vertebral venous plexus. Where is the vertebral venous plexus found? does it have valves? where does the vertebral venous plexus drain into?

Back 64

intervertebral veins, segmental veins, epidural space, no, superior sagittal sinus of the brain

Front 65

what is the nerve supply of the spinal cord?

Back 65

meningeal branches of the spinal nerves

Front 66

if a patient is experiencing a lumbar puncture, what type of position would they assume? which lumbar bones should you locate?

Back 66

lateral ducubitus position, L4-L5

Front 67

In epidural anesthesia, where should the anesthetic be injected?

Back 67

between the lumbar laminae or the sacral hiatus

Front 68

Name the fracture: caused by sudden distration of the cervical part of the vertebral column. bilateral fracture of the pedicles or laminae of C2

Back 68

hangman fracture

Front 69

Name the fracture: A burst fracture of the atlas (C1). the arch may be broken at several points/a fracture of the anterior and posterior arches of C1. This may be result because of axial loading of the back of the head (hyperextension)

Back 69

jefferson fracture

Front 70

fractures of the axis (C2) involes what part of the bone?

Back 70

Dens (odontoid process)

Front 71

exaggeration of the curvature of the spine in the coronal plane?

Back 71

scoliosis

Front 72

Name the disease: developmental defect in the pedicles (pars interarticularis) of the lumbar vertebrae resulting in foward displacement of a lower lumbar vertebrae. (usually L5 and the vertebrae below S1)

Back 72

spondylolysis

Front 73

name the disease: narrowing of the spinal canal occurs as the patient ages (about 40) Symptoms: mild to severe pain, inability to walk, reduction in mobility, and flexibility. It occurs because of degenerative intervertebral discs or osteoarthritis.

Back 73

Spinal stenosis