Anatomy, Neuroanatomy & Physiology Of The Speech Mechanism

Front 1

Respiration

Back 1

The exchange of gas between an organism and its environment.
As the lungs expand, the pressure within the lungs is reduced compared to the pressure outside the lungs. Air moves through the open laryngeal valve into the lungs, equalizing pressure inside and outside the lungs. Muscles contract to reduce the volume of the chest cavity, creating positive pressure within the lungs

Front 2

Spinal Column

Back 2

Consists of 32-33 individual vertebrae. 7 Cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 3-4 coccygeal

Front 3

Vocal Folds - anatomy

Back 3

Have 3 layers: 1)epithelium - outer cover, 2)lamina propia (middle layer), 3)Vocalis muscle (body)

Front 4

Arryepiglottic Folds

Back 4

Connective tissue and muscle that extens from the tip of the arytenoids to the larynx. They separate the laryngeal vestibule from the pharynx and help preserve the airway.

Front 5

Ventricular Folds

Back 5

False folds. They compress during coughing and lifting heavy objects.

Front 6

Myoelastic-Arodynamic Theory

Back 6

The voal fold vibrate because of the forces and pressure of air and elasticy of the vocal folds. THe air flowing out of the lungs is temporarily stopped by the closed or nearly closed vocal folds. This builds up subglottic air pressure, which eventually blows the vocal folds apart and sets them into vibration

Front 7

Benoulli Effect

Back 7

Caused by the increased speed of air passing between the vocal folds, it is the "sucking' motion of the vocal folds toward one another. THe air moves with increased velocity through the glottal opening and open but somewhat constricted vocal folds. THe pressure between the edges of the vocal folds is decreased, and consequently, the folds are sucked together. Increased speed = decreased pressure = suck together

Front 8

Mucosal Wave Action

Back 8

The cover epithelium and superficial lamina propria and the transition (intermediate and deep layers of the lamina propia) over the vocalis muscle slide and produce a wave. The wave travels across the superior surface of the vocal fold and about 2/3rds of the way to the lateral edge of the fold. There is no vibration or phonation without the wave.

Front 9

Resonation

Back 9

The process by which voice, or laryngeal tone, is modified when some frequency components are dempened and others are enhanced. The resonators that serve to modify the laryngeal tone are the pharynx, the nasal cavity and oral cavity.

Front 10

Source Filter Theory

Back 10

Energy from the vibrating vocal fold (source) is modified by the resonance charactistics of the vocal tract (filter). The vocal tract is visualized as a series of linked tubes: oral cavity, pharynx, and nasal cavity. These linked tubes provide the vaiable resonating cavity that helps produce speech.

Front 11

Peripheral Nervous System

Back 11

is a collection of nerves that are outside the skull and spinal column. These nerves carry sensory impulses to the brain and motor impulses from the brain to the glands and muscles of the body.

Front 12

Crainial Nerves

Back 12

Emerge from the brain stem and are attached to the base of the brain. THey are part of the lower motor neuron system of the corticobullbar tract of the pyramidal system. Sensory nerves carry information from the sense organs to the brain. Motor nerves carry information from the brain to the muscles to make them move.

Front 13

Olfactory

Back 13

1. Smell (sensory)

Front 14

Optic

Back 14

2. Vision (motor)

Front 15

Ocularmotor

Back 15

3. Eye movement (motor)

Front 16

Trochlear

Back 16

4. Eye movement (motor)

Front 17

Trigeminal

Back 17

5. Face (sensor) jaw (motor)

Front 18

Abducens

Back 18

6. Eye movement (motor)

Front 19

Facial

Back 19

7. Tongue (sensory)

Front 20

Acoustic

Back 20

8. Hearing and balance (sensory)

Front 21

Glossopharyngeal

Back 21

9. Tongue and Pharynx (sensory) pharynx only (motor)

Front 22

Vegus

Back 22

10. Larynx, respiratory, cardiac, and gastrointestinal systems (sensory and motor)

Front 23

Spinal Accessory

Back 23

11. Shoulder, arm, and throat movements (motor)

Front 24

Hypoglossal

Back 24

12. Mostly tongue movements (motor)

Front 25

Cranial Nerves

Back 25

5 &7-12 are involved in speech, language and hearing

Front 26

Spinal Nerves

Back 26

(PNS, 31 pairs) are closely related to the automatic nervous system. Together, they control various body activities that are executed with little conscious effort or knowledge. They can be sensory, motor or mixed. They transmit motor information from the central nervous system to the muscles, and carry sensory information from the peripheral receptors tot he CNS.

Front 27

Automatic Nervous System

Back 27

(PNS) Controls and regulates the internal environment of our bodies. Sympathetic branch, Parasympathetic branch

Front 28

Sympathetic Branch

Back 28

PNS "fight or flight" and emotional arousal.

Front 29

Parasympathetic Branch

Back 29

PNS Brings the body back to a state or relaxation.

Front 30

Anatomy of PNS

Back 30

Cranial Nerves, Spinal Nerves, Automatic Nervous System (sympathetic branch, parasympathetic branch)

Front 31

Anatomy of CNS

Back 31

Spinal cord, brain

Front 32

Central Nervous System

Back 32

Acts as a motor command center from planning, originating, and carrying out the transmission of messages.

Front 33

Brain stem

Back 33

Connects the spinal cord with the brain via the diencephalon and serves as a bridge between the cerebellum and all other CNS structures.

Front 34

Midbrain

Back 34

(Myelencephalon) Contains structures that control many motor and sensory functions, including postural reflexes, visual reflexes, eye movements, and coordination of vestibular generated eye and head movements.

Front 35

Pons

Back 35

(Metencephalon) Involved in hearing and balance. Houses the nuclei of the trigeminal, facial, which are important for speech production.

Front 36

Medulla

Back 36

(myelencephalon) centers for control of vital automatic bodily functions such as breathing, digestion, heart rate, and blood pressure. This is where many of the pyramidal tracts decussate.

Front 37

Reticular Activating System

Back 37

Within the midbrain, brainstem, and upper portion of the spinal cord. Primary mechanism of attention and consciousness. It is important in controlling sleep-wake cycles. It integrates motor impulses flowing out of the brain with sensory impulses flowing into it.

Front 38

Diencephaolon

Back 38

Above the midbrain and between the brain stem and cerebral hemispheres. Contains the third ventricle, thalamus, and hypothalamus.

Front 39

Thalamus

Back 39

It regulates the sensory information that flows into the brain and relays sensory impulses to various portions of the cerebral cortex. Receives information about motor impulses from the cerebellum and the basal ganglia and relays this information to motor areas in the cerebral cortex. It is critical for maintenance of consciousness and alertness.

Front 40

Hypothalamus

Back 40

Controls emotions and helps integrate the actions of the ANS.

Front 41

Basal Ganglia

Back 41

Receives input primarily from the frontal lobe and relays information back to the high centers of the brain via the thalamus. Part of the extra pyramidal system, which helps regulate and modify cortical initiated motor movements, including speech. Lesions in the basal ganglia can result in unusual body postures, dysarthria, changes in body tone, and involuntary and uncontrolled movements that interfere with a person's voluntary attempts to walk, speak, or do many other activities.

Front 42

Cerebellum

Back 42

Regulates motor movements. Critical in control of speech movement. Regulates equilibrium (balance), body posture, and coordinated fine-motor movements. Damage can cause ataxia, associated with CP.

Front 43

Cerebrum

Back 43

Contains 10-15 billion neurons and weighs 3 pounds. Often referred to as gray matter because of the gray cells are on top.

Front 44

Gyrus

Back 44

A ridge on the cortex

Front 45

Sulcus

Back 45

A shallow valley

Front 46

Fissure

Back 46

Deeper valley. Boundaries between the broad divisions of the cerebrum

Front 47

Longitudinal Fissure

Back 47

Divides the cerebrum into left and right

Front 48

Central Sulcus or fissure of Rolando

Back 48

Divides the anterior from the posterior half of the brain.

Front 49

Sylvian Fissure of Lateral Cerebral Fissure

Back 49

Starts from the posterior part of the frontal lobe and moves laterally upward. The area surrounding it is critical in speech, language and hearing.

Front 50

Frontal Lobe

Back 50

Critical to the deliberate formation of plans and intentions that dictate a person's behavior. Contains areas critical for speech production

Front 51

Primary Motor Cortex

Back 51

Motor Strips - Controls voluntary motor movements for the opposite side of the body.

Front 52

Supplementary Motor Cortex

Back 52

Involved in motor planning of speech and a secondary role is regulating muscle movements

Front 53

Broca's Area

Back 53

Controls motor movements involved in speech production. It is important for well-articulated, fluent speech. Lesions can cause motor speech problems

Front 54

Parietal Lobe

Back 54

Primary somatic sensory area. It integrates contralateral somesthetic sensations such as pressure, pain, temperature and touch.

Front 55

Postcentral Gyrus

Back 55

Sensory strip. Primary sensory area that integrates and controls somesthetic sensory impulses.

Front 56

Supramarginal Gyrus

Back 56

Damage can cause conduction aphasia, and agraphia (a writing disorder)

Front 57

Angular Gyrus

Back 57

Damage can cause writing, reading, and naming difficulties and, in some cases, trascortical sensory aphasia.

Front 58

Occipital Lobes

Back 58

Primarily concerned with vision. Contains the primary visual cortex.

Front 59

Temporal Lobe

Back 59

In the dominant hemisphere, (left in most people) the auditory association area generally analyzes speech sounds so that the person recognizes words and sentences. In the nondominant hemisphere, the auditory association area generally analyzes nonverbal sound stimuli like environmental noises and music.

Front 60

Primary Auditory Cortex

Back 60

Receives sound stimuli from the acoustic nerve (8) bilaterally. It synthesizes that information so that it can be recognized as whole units.

Front 61

Wernikies Area

Back 61

Critical to the comprehension of spoken and written language. Damage can cause Wernike's aphasia

Front 62

Pyramidal System

Back 62

A direct motor activation pathway that is primarily responsible for facilitating voluntary muscle movement (including speech). Come from the cortex to the spinal cord and brain stem to ultimately supply the muscles of the head neck, and limbs. It is composed of corticobulbar and corticospinal tracts.

Front 63

Corticospinal Tract

Back 63

Nerve fiber descend from the motor cortex of each hemisphere through the internal capsule, midbrain and pons, then 80-85% decussate at the level of the medulla. The fibers synapse in the anterior horn of the spinal cord and communicate with the spinal nerves at different levels. Innervate muscles of the limbs and trunk.

Front 64

Corticobulbar Tract

Back 64

Critical to speech production. The fibers of this tract control all the voluntary movements of the speech muscles (except respiratory muscles.) The fibers decussate (not all) then terminate in the brain stem at the motor nuclei of the cranial nerves 3-12.

Front 65

Extrapyramidal System

Back 65

Transmits impulses that control the postural support (maintain posture and tone and regulate movement that results from lower motor neuron activity) needed by those fine-motor movements (as opposed to the pyramidal system's control of voluntary and find motor movements.) Important for speech production. It is a more indirect activation system that interacts with various motor systems in the nervous system.

Front 66

Intrahemispheric Fibers

Back 66

Connects areas within a hemisphere

Front 67

Interhemispheric fibers

Back 67

Connects areas between hemispheres

Front 68

Projection Fibers

Back 68

Create connections between the cortex and subcortical structures like the cerebellum, basal ganglia, and spinal cord

Front 69

Association Fibers

Back 69

Connects areas within a hemisphere

Front 70

Commissural fibers

Back 70

Connect areas between hemispheres. (corpus collosum)

Front 71

Cerebral Ventricles

Back 71

Cavities deep within the brain that are filled with cerebrospinal fluid that circulates throughout the nervous system and nourishes the neural tissues, removes waste products, cushions the brain, and regulates intercranial pressure

Front 72

Meningies

Back 72

Three layers of membranes that cover the brain: 1. Dura mater: outer most layer, thick and tough 2. Arachnoid: middle layer, thin vascular and web-like 3. Pia mater: Inner most layer, delicate, thin, adheres closely to the brain

Front 73

Central blood supply

Back 73

The brain consumes 25% of the body's oxygen and requires 20% of the body's blood.

Front 74

Aorta

Back 74

Main artery of the heart. It carries blood from the left ventricle to all areas of the body except the lungs

Front 75

Vertebral arteries

Back 75

They enter the skull and branch out to supply the spinal cord and many organs of the body.

Front 76

Carotid Arteries

Back 76

"External: supplies blood to the muscles of the mouth, nose, forehead, and face. Internal: Supplies different parts of the brain.

Front 77

Circle of Willis

Back 77

Provides a common blood supply to various cerebral branches. Formed at the base of the brain where the two carotid and the two vertebral arteries join. Blocked from above, brain damage will occur, blocked from below, brain damage may be minimal.