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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Two main types of nervous systems: |
Central and peripheral |
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What are the two main structures of the central nervous system? |
Brain and spinal cord |
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What are the two main parts of the peripheral nervous system and the sub-sections? |
Motor and sensory. Motor divides into somatic and autonomic, and autonomic divides into sympathetic and parasympathetic |
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Ganglion |
A cluster of nerve cell bodies |
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Neuron |
A nerve cell |
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Cranial neuron |
A nerve cell which comes out of the brain and down the spinal cord. Part of the PNS. Takes info between the brain and body. |
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Grey matter |
Cell bodies |
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White matter |
Axons |
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Glial cell |
Maintains neurons |
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What is the name of a nerve that responds to sensory stimulation? |
A sensory receptor |
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What are the main two functions of the PNS? |
Sensory and motor functions |
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What is the main function of the CNS? |
Integration |
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Anatomy of neuron: explain what dendrites and axon terminals are |
Dendrites: stick out from the cell body, and receive impulses from other nerve cells Axon terminals: Extend from the axon, and passes the neural impulse from the current neuron to the next |
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Two main anatomical features of the axon: |
Myelin sheaths and nodes |
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What is the ratio of neuroglial cells to neurons? |
10 neuroglial cells to every neuron |
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Where is cerebrospinal fluid produced? |
In the CNS |
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What does the term 'electrical signaling' refer to? |
Transmission of info (electrical impulse) WITHIN the neuron |
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What is the difference between a graded potential and an action potential? |
Graded potential is small change of voltage within the cell membrane Action potential is a change in the cell membrane which travels down the neuron in a wave-like impulse |
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What is the resting membrane potential? |
-70mV |
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How is the resting membrane potential maintained? |
The membrane keeps more positive cells on the outside of the neuron |
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Describe depolarisation and hyperpolarisation |
Depolarisation happens as a result of more positive ions being let in to the membrane, thus the voltage goes up. Hyperpolarisation happens to compensate for this - so the voltage goes down below the level of the resting membrane potential |
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Where in the neuron are graded potential summated? |
At the axon hillock |
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Describe repolarisation |
Repolarisation is where the voltage returns to the resting membrane potential level (happens only in an action potential, before hyperpolarisation) |
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Describe the function of the presynaptic cell |
Produces/passes on the signal |
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Describe the function of the postsynaptic cell |
Receives the signal |
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For an action potential to occur, what is the depolarisation level needed? |
-55mV |
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What is the cerebrum? |
The bumpy hemispheres of brain - inner part of the brain forms the lobes. |
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What is the cerebral cortex? |
The outermost layer of the cerebrum. Made up of grey matter and divided into 3 functional areas. |
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What is the diencephalon? |
Central area of forebrain, and continues down the brainstem. |
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What is the lymbic system? |
Brain structures beneath the cerebrum. |
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What is the cerebellum? |
The "little brain." Helps with adjusting motor control and output. |
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Name three main functions of frontal lobe |
Attention, planning and voluntary movement |
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Main function of temporal lobe |
Hearing |
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Main function of parietal lobe |
Touch |
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Main function of occipital lobe |
Vision |
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Where is the somatosensory area located on the cerebral cortex? |
Parietal lobe (the lobe associated with touch) |
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Where are the special senses areas on the cerebral cortex? |
Occipital lobe (for vision) and temporal lobe (for audition) |
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Where are the motor areas on the cerebral cortex? |
Frontal lobe (because of the decisions and plans involved with motor signals) |
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Where are the association areas on the cerebral cortex? |
Prefrontal lobe |
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What is the location and function of the basil nuclei? |
Location: Grey matter deep in cerebrum. Function: Revise that info being sent to the skeletal muscles is correct. |
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What is the location and function of the hypothalamus? |
Location: in the mid-brain, below the thalamus. Function: Controls endocrine system (hormones) |
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What is the location and function of the thalamus? |
Location: in the mid-brain, above the hypothalamus. Function: regulates consciousness and sleep |
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Collectively, the thalamus, hypothalamus and pituutary gland are known as what? |
The diencephalon. |
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What is the location and function of the lymbic system? |
Location: beneath the cerebrum. Function: Emotional recognition (esp anger and fear) |
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What is the location and function of the cerebellum? |
Location: The "little brain", middle and bottom of brain. Function: Adjustment of motor control and some cognitive functions |
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Where does integration happen for most reflexes? |
In the spinal cord. |
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What are three protective features of the CNS? |
Meninges (protective layers), blood vessels, and ventricles (cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid) in the brain. |
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What is the most superficial and most deep layer of meninges? |
Dura is most superficial, pia is most deep. |
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What is the middle layer of the meninges and what is its function? |
The arachnoid layer. It contains the blood vessels. |
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Where is cerebrospinal fluid produced? |
In ventricles of the brain. |
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What are the two main functions of cerebrospinal fluid? |
- Protects body from mechanical stress - Provides nourishment for brain |
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What are the two main divisions of the PNS? |
Motor and sensory |
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What are the main two divisions of the motor PNS? |
Somatic and autonomic |
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What are the two divisions of the autonomic system? |
Sympathetic and parasympathetic. |
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What is the function of the sympathetic system? |
"Fight or flight" |
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What is the function of the parasympathetic system? |
"Rest and digest" |
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What is the function of the somatic nervous system? |
Voluntary control of the skeletal muscle |
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What is a nerve and where are they found? |
Bundle of axons, found outside the CNS. |
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What are the characteristics of a dorsal root nerve? |
A dorsal nerve is a sensory neuron which has its cell body outside of the grey matter. |
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What are the characteristics of a ventral root nerve? |
A ventral nerve is a motor neuron which has its cell body within the grey matter. |
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How does the brain know where sensory info is coming from? |
The region the signal reaches in the cerebrum. |
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How does the brain know how strong sensory information is? |
The frequency of action potentials. |
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What does a motor unit consist of? |
One neuron (motor neuron) and all of the muscle cells it synapses with. |
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What is the defining feature of a reflex? |
They are fast and involuntary. |
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What is the stretch reflex? |
When one muscle is stretched suddenly, a synapse occurs to effect the contraction of that muscle. |
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What is the Golgi Tendon Organ reflex? (The GTO) |
The relaxation of muscles is under too much tension. |
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What is the withdrawal reflex? |
Jerking away from a stimulus. Also invloves the crossed extensor reflex, which compensates for one limb flexing, thus extends the opposite limb. |
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What are the three types of reflex? |
1) primitive (infant reflexes) 2) autonomic (e.g. coughing and sneezing) 3) spinal (e.g. withdrawing from hot object, maintain posture) |
