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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Ester |
formed from reaction of acid and alcohol - found in fats, oils also nerve chemical acetylcholine |
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Hydroxyl |
Same as in bases. found in alcohols and sugars, makes organic molecules water-soluble |
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Carboxyl |
organic acid (H+ easily donated) also written -COOH, usually charged at cellular pH |
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Amino |
acts as base, binds H+ to form -NH3+ at cellular pH, amino + carboxyl in same molecule is an amino acid |
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Phosphate |
found in energy storing molecules and in nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) |
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Carbonyl |
carbon and oxygen in double covalent bond, found in ketones, formed when fats are broken down. water-loving groups |
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Sulfhydryl |
like hydroxyl, but Sulfur + Hydrogen. important in protein structure |
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fatty acids |
used to synthesize triglycerides and phospholipids or catabolized to generate ATP |
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Triglycerides |
protection, insulation, energy storage |
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Phospholipids |
major component of cell membrane |
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Cholersterol |
minor component of all animal cell membranes; precursor of bile salts, vitamin D, and steroid hormones |
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bile salts |
needed for digestion and absorption of dietary lipids |
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Vitamin D |
Helps regulate calcium level in the body; needed for bone growth and repair |
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Adrenocortical hormones |
help regulate metabolism, resistance to stress, and salt and water balance |
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Sex Hormones |
Stimulate reproductive functions an sexual characteristics |
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Eicosinoids (Prostaglandins, leukotrienes) |
Have diverse effects on modifying responses to hormones, blood clotting, inflammation, immunity, stomach acid secretion, airway diameter, lipid breakdown, and smooth muscle contraction |
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Carotenes |
needed for synthesis of Vitamin A, which is used to make visual pigments in the eyes. also function as antioxidants |
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Vitamin E |
Promotes wound healing; prevents tissue scarring, contributes to the normal structure and function of the nervous system, and functions as an antioxidant |
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Vitamin K |
Require for synthesis of blood-clotting proteins |
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Lipoproteins |
Transport lipids in the blood, carry triglycerides and cholesterol to tissues, and remove excess cholesterol from the blood. |
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Glycine |
(Small, can be Polar or Non-Polar) Side chain consists only of hydrogen atom and can fit either hydrophilic or hydrophobic environment. often resides at sites where two polypeptides come in close contact |
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Cysteine |
(Makes Disulfide Bonds) Though side chain has polar uncharged character, it has the unique property of forming a covalent bond with another cysteine to form a disulfide link |
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Proline |
(Kinky) Though side chain has hydrophobic character, it has the unique property of creating kinks in polypeptide chains and disrupting ordered secondary structure. |
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Acidic Amino Acids Polar Charged (Hydrophillic) |
Aspartic (Asp or D) Acid, Glutamic (Glu or E) Acid |
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Amino Acid Bases Polar Charged (Hydrophilic) |
Lysine (Lys or K), Arginine (Arg or R), Histidine (His or H) |
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Polar Uncharged Amino Acids (Hydrophilic) |
Serine (Ser or S), Threonine (Thr or T), Glutamine (Gln or Q), Asparagine (Asn or N), Tyrosine (Tyr or Y) |
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Non Polar Amino Acids (Hydrophobic) |
Alanine (Ala or A), Valine (Val or V), Leucine (Leu or L), Isoleucine (Ile or I), Methionine (Met r M), Phenylalanine (Phe or F), Tryptophan (Trp or W) |
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Methionine |
Always the first amino acid in every protein as it is made |
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Structural Protein |
Form structural framework of various parts of the body. Ex. Keratin in skin hair fingernails, collagen in bone and connective tissues |
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Regulatory protein |
Function as hormones that regulate various physiological processes; control growth and development; as neurotransmitters, mediate responses of nervous system |
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Contractile protein |
Allow shortening of muscles, which produces movement. Ex. myosin and actin |
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Immunological Protein |
Aid responses to protect body against foreign substances and invading pathogens. Ex. Antibodies and interleukins |
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Transport Proteins |
Carry vital substances throughout body. Ex. Hemoglobin, transports most oxygen and some CO2 in blood |
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Catalytic Proteins |
Act as enzymes to regulate biochemical reactions. Ex. Salivary amylase, sucrase, and ATPase |
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Enzyme |
Protein that speeds up chemical reactions |
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Substrate |
Substance undergoing reaction of enzyme |
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Electrical Energy |
Nerve Impulses |
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Heat Energy |
Cellular Chemical Reactions |
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Mechanical Energy |
Muscle Contractions |
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Potential (Chemical) Energy |
Energy-Rich Covalent Bonds |
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Radiant Energy |
Photosynthesis in Plants |
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Vitamin A |
Poor teeth and gums, night blindness |
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Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) |
Scurvy (Bleeding gums, loose teeth, swollen joints, slow wound healing, weight loss) |
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Vitamin D |
Rickets in children (low blood calcium, soft bones, distorted skeleton) |
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Vitamin K |
Slow blood clotting |
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B Vitamins |
Neural tube defects in pregnancy, pernicious anemia |
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Flourine |
Structure of teeth and bones, deficiency- teeth caries osteoporosis |
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Chromium |
Efficient use of insulin; deficiency - insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, elevated serum lipids |
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Iron |
Oxygen & Electron transport; heme group of hemoglobin - Deficiency - Iron-deficiency anemia |
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Iodine |
Constintuent of Thyroid Hormones. Deficiency - goiter, hypothyroidism |